Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Electrolyte.
A substance, such as sodium chloride, that dissolved in water and
produces ions to give an electrically conducting solution is called
an electrolyte.
A substance, such as sucrose, or table sugar (C12H22O11), that is not
ionized and does not conduct electric current when dissolved in
water is called a Nonelectrolyte.
Strong electrolyte: is a substance that is almost completely ionized
in aqueous solution, and the solution is a good electrical conductor.
Weak electrolyte: is partially ionized in aqueous solution, and the
solution is only a fair conductor of electricity. (is an electrolyte that
dissolves in water to give an equilibrium between a molecular
substance and a relatively small quantity of ions.)
E.g. Calculating ion concentrations in a solution of strong electrolyte. What are the
concentration (in molarity) of Mg2+ and Cl- ions in 5.0g/L of MgCl2 solution?
[Mg2+] = 5.0g x 1 molMgCl2 x 1 mol Mg2+ =5.3 x10-2 mol/L
L 95.21gMgCl2 1 molMgCl2
Aqueous Reactions
An ionic equation:
Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + I-(aq) AgI(s) + Na+(aq)+NO3-(aq)
Note that some ions appear on both side of equation. These ions
go through the reaction unchanged- does not take part in the
reaction. We called them spectator ions. We can cancel them
from the equation. The resulting equation is a net ionic
equation.
Halides (chlorides, bromides, and iodides) Lead(II), silver and mercury(I) halides are insoluble
Acids such as HCl and HNO3 that have only one acdic hydrogen atom per
acid molecule are called monoprotic acids.
A polyprotic acids such as H2SO4 and H3PO4 are acids that yield two or
more acidic hydrogens per molecules.
E.g. sulfuric acid, dissociate twice
H2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) HSO4-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
As polyprotic acids can give more than one H+, some base yield
more than one hydroxide ions.
In a neutralization involving a strong acid and a weak base NH3
E.g. thiosulfate
Stoichiometry of Reaction in Aqueous Solution:
Titrations
An important method for determining the amount of a particular
substance is base on measuring volumes of reactant solution.
Titration is a reaction carried out by the carefully controlled addition
of one solution to another. The trick is stop at the point where both
reactants have reacted completely, a condition called the equivalent
point of the titration.
E.g. A flask contains a solution of unknown amount of HCl. This
solution is titrated with 0.101M NaOH. It take 3.35mL of NaOH to
complete the reaction with HCl. What is the mass of HCl?
E.g. A 0.235g sample of a solid that is 92.55 NaOH and 7.5% Ca(OH)2, by
mass, requires 45.6mL of HCl(aq) solution for its titration. What is the
molarity of the HCl(aq)?