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BACTERIA
Ukuran Bakteri
Bacterial shapes
three architectural
regions
appendages
(proteins attached
to the cell surface)
in the form of
flagella and pili
cell envelope
consisting of a
capsule, cell wall
and plasma
membrane
cytoplasmic
region that
contains the cell
genome (DNA)
appendages
Flagella
Flagella are filamentous protein structures
attached to the cell surface swimming
movement for most motile procaryotic cells
diameter of a procaryotic flagellum is about 20
nanometers
Procaryotes are known to exhibit a variety of
types of tactic behavior, i.e., the ability to
move (swim) in response to environmental
stimuli.
For example, during chemotaxis a bacterium
can sense the quality and quantity of certain
chemicals in their environment and swim
towards them (useful nutrients) or away from
them (harmful substances).
Electron Micrograph of Vibrio cholerae
Examples of
bacterial flagella
arrangement
schemes.
A-Monotrichous;
B-Lophotrichous;
C-Amphitrichous;
D-Peritrichous
Flagella may be variously distributed over the surface
of bacterial cells in distinguishing patterns :
polar (one or more flagella arising from one or both
poles of the cell) or
peritrichous (lateral flagella distributed over the
entire cell surface).
Flagellar distribution is a genetically-distinct trait that
is occasionally used to characterize or distinguish
bacteria.
For example, among Gram-negative rods,
pseudomonads have polar flagella to distinguish
them from enteric bacteria, which have peritrichous
flagella.
flagellar filament is rotated by a motor apparatus in
the plasma membrane allowing the cell to swim
flagellar apparatus consists of several distinct
proteins:
1. a system of rings imbedded in cell envelope (the
basal body),
2. a hook-like structure near the cell surface,
3. and the flagellar filament.
. The innermost rings, the M and S rings, located in the
plasma membrane, comprise the motor apparatus.
. As the M ring turns, powered by an influx of protons,
the rotary motion is transferred to the filament which
rotates thereby propelling the bacterium.
Bacterial flagella are
powered by proton
motive force
(PMF) rather than
ATP hydrolysis which
powers eukaryotic
flagella
2. Fimbriae and Pili
Fimbriae and Pili are
interchangeable terms used
to designate short, hair-like
structures on the surfaces of
procaryotic cells shorter and
stiffer than flagella, and
slightly smaller in diameter
Fimbriae are very common in
Gram-negative bacteria, but
occur in some archaea and
Gram-positive bacteria as
well.
2. Fimbriae and Pili