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Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Magnetic Materials
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
4 103 Wb
B 50 Wb/m 2 = 50 T
8 10 m 10 10 m
-3 -3
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Magnetic flux lines surround a current carrying wire.
The field lines are concentric circles as shown in
Figure 10-10 of the text.
As in the case of bar magnets, the effects
of electrical current can be visualized with
iron filings around the wire the current
must be large to see this effect.
Iron filings
Current-carrying wire
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Permeability () defines the ease with which a
magnetic field can be established in a given material. It is
measured in units of the weber per ampere-turn meter.
The permeability of a vacuum (0) is 4 x 10-7 weber
per ampere-turn meter, which is used as a reference.
Relative Permeability (mr) is the ratio of the absolute
permeability to the permeability of a vacuum.
r
0
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Reluctance (R) is the opposition to the establishment
of a magnetic field in a material.
l
A
R= reluctance in A-t/Wb
l = length of the path
= permeability (Wb/A-t m).
A = area in m2
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Recall that magnetic flux lines surround a current-carrying
wire. A coil reinforces and intensifies these flux lines.
The cause of magnetic flux is called magnetomotive
force (mmf), which is related to the current and number of
turns of the coil.
Fm = NI
Fm = magnetomotive force (A-t)
N = number of turns of wire in a coil
I = current (A)
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
Ohms law for magnetic circuits is
Fm
flux () is analogous to current
magnetomotive force (Fm) is analogous to voltage
reluctance (R) is analogous to resistance.
What flux is in a core that is wrapped with a
300 turn coil with a current of 100 mA if the
reluctance of the core is 1.5 x 107 A-t/Wb ? 2.0 Wb
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Magnetic Quantities
The magnetomotive force (mmf) is not a true force in
the physics sense, but can be thought of as a cause of
flux in a core or other material.
Iron core Current in the coil causes flux
in the iron core.
What is the mmf if a 250
turn coil has 3 A of current?
750 A-t
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Solenoids
A solenoid produces mechanical motion
from an electrical signal.
S t a tio n a r y c o re S lid in g c o re
(p lu n g e r)
S p rin g C o il
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Relays
A relay is an electrically controlled switch; a small
control voltage on the coil can control a large current
through the contacts.
C o n ta c t p o in ts
Structure A rm a tu re Schematic
Te rm in a ls
S p rin g
symbol
F ix e d c o n ta c t
NC
C R 1 -1
c o n ta c ts
C R1 M o v a b le c o n ta c t
NO
C R 1 -2
c o n ta c ts
E le c tro m a g n e tic Te rm in a ls
c o il F ix e d c o n ta c t
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Magnetic field intensity is the magnetomotive force
per unit length of a magnetic path.
F
H= m or H = NI
l l
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
As the graph shows, the flux density depends on both
the material and the magnetic field intensity.
M a g n e tic m a te r ia l
S a tu ra tio n b e g in s
F lu x d e n s ity , B , (W b //m 2)
N o n - m a g n e tic m a te ria l
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
As H is varied, the magnetic hysteresis curve is developed.
B B B
S a t u ra tio n
B sa t
BR
H sa t
H H H
0 0 H sa t H = 0 H 0
B sa t
S a t u ra tio n B
(a ) (b ) (c ) (d )
B B
B sa t H C
H = 0
H H
H 0 0 H H
sa t
BR
H C H C
B B
(e ) (f ) (g )
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Magnetization Curve
A B-H curve is referred to as a magnetization curve for
the case where the material is initially unmagnetized.
2 .0
2 .0 Annealed iron
F F l ul ux x D D e en ns si ti yt y, , B B , , ( (T T ) )
1 .5
1 .5
1 .0
1 .0
0 .5
0 .5
0
00 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
MM a ag gn ne et it ci c F Fi ei el dl d I nI nt et en ns si ti yt y, , H H , (, A( A - -t /t m/ m ) )
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Magnetization Curve
A B-H curve can be read to determine the flux density in
a given core. The next slide shows how to read the graph
to determine the flux density in an annealed iron core.
2 .0
2 .0 Annealed iron
F Fl ul ux x D D e en ns si ti yt y, , B B, , ( T( T) )
1 .5
1 .5
1 .0
1 .0
0 .5
0 .5
0
00 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
MM a ag gn ne et it ci c F Fi ei el dl d I nI nt et en ns si ti yt y, , H H , (, A( A - -t /t m/ m ) )
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary A n n e a le d iro n c o re
Magnetization Curve I =
3 8 0 tu rn s 0 .9 A
What is B for the core?
NI 380 t 0.9 A
H 1487 A-t/m
l 0.23 m
Reading 2 .0
Annealed iron
the graph, 2 .0
F Fl ul ux x D D e en ns si ti yt y, , B B, , ( T( T) )
1 .5
B = 1.63 T 1 .5
1 .0
1 .0
0 .5
0 .5
0
00 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
MM a ag gn ne et it ci c F Fi ei el dl d I nI nt et en ns si ti yt y, , H H , (, A( A - t- /t m/ m ) )
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Relative motion
S
When a wire is moved across a magnetic field,
there is a relative motion between the wire and
the magnetic field.
N
When a magnetic field is moved past a
stationary wire, there is also relative motion.
S
In either case, the relative motion results in
an induced voltage in the wire.
N
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Induced voltage
The induced voltage due to the relative motion
between the conductor and the magnetic field when the
motion is perpendicular to the field is given by
vind = Blv
B = flux density in T
l = length of the conductor in the magnetic field in m
v = relative velocity in m/s
(motion is perpendicular)
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Faradays law
Faraday experimented with generating current by
relative motion between a magnet and a coil of wire.
The amount of voltage induced across a coil is
determined by two factors:
1. The rate of change of the
S N magnetic flux with respect
to the coil.
-V +
Voltage is indicated only
when magnet is moving.
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Faradays law
Faraday also experimented generating current by
relative motion between a magnet and a coil of wire.
The amount of voltage induced across a coil is
determined by two factors:
1. The rate of change of the
S N magnetic flux with respect
to the coil.
2. The number of turns of
wire in the coil.
-V +
Voltage is indicated only
when magnet is moving.
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Magnetic field around a coil
Just as a moving magnetic field induces a voltage,
current in a coil causes a magnetic field. The coil acts as
an electromagnet, with a north and south pole as in the
case of a permanent magnet.
S o u th N o rt h
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
DC Motor
A dc motor includes a rotating coil, which receives
current through a split ring, called the commutator. The
commutator is connected to fixed brushes, which are
connected to an external circuit. The magnetic core is
not shown for simplicity.
Small motors may
use a fixed magnet, N S
as shown.
b ru s h e s
a rm a t u re
c o m m u ta t o r
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Summary
Brushless DC Motor
Brushless dc motors use an electronic controller to
periodically reverse the field in the stator windings. This
causes the stator field to rotate, and the permanent magnet
rotor moves in the same direction as the rotating field.
A cutaway view of a Laminations
brushless motor is shown. Stator
Motor end
Hall sensor
shield
commutator
assembly
Shaft
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Selected Key Terms
Magnetic field A force field radiating from the north pole to
the south pole of a magnet.
Magnetic flux The lines of force between the north pole and
south pole of a permanent magnet or an
electromagnet.
Weber (Wb) The SI unit of magnetic flux, which represents
108 lines.
Magnetic units
It is useful to review the key magnetic units from this
chapter:
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Selected Key Terms
Magnetomotive The cause of a magnetic field, measured in
force (mmf) ampere-turns.
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Selected Key Terms
Induced voltage Voltage produced as a result of a changing
(vind) magnetic field.
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Quiz
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
Chapter 10
Quiz
Answers:
1. d 6. b
2. d 7. c
3. a 8. c
4. c 9. b
5. d 10. a
Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed. 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Floyd Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved