DAM

Topics
History of Dam
Types of Dam
Dam Failure and Safety
Rehabilitation of Dam
 Introduction
Why people built dam?
Irrigation
Power generation
Flood mitigation
Brief history of Dam
 History of Dam
Middle East
Romans
Early Dam of East Asia
Forerunner of Modern Dam
Development of Modern Structural
Theory
Middle East
Jawa Dam
(4000
BCE)Oldest
Known dam in
the world is a
masonry &
earthen
embankment
found in
Modern Jordan
Orontes River
(1300 BCE)
oldest dam
still in use is a
rockfill
embankment
about 6m
high
Sad d el-
Kafara
(2700 BCE)
30km width
found at
South of
Cairo, Egypt
The Romans
Carnalvo Dam-
masonry walls
that form cell
are filled with
stones or clay &
faced with
mortar
Proserpia Dam
a 12 m, features
a masonry-
faced core wall
of concrete
blacked by
earth that is
strengthened by
buttress
supporting
downstream
face.
Early Dam of East Asia
240 BCE- stone
crib was built
across Jing River
in Gurou Valley n
China. H= 30m
L=300m
 Nurek
Dam(1961-1980)
in Tajikistan. As
of 2010, the
tallest dam in the
world it reaches
300 metres (984
feet) in height.
Xiaowan Dam,
China 292 m (958 ft).
An arch dam on the
Lancang (Mekong) River.
The primary purpose of
the dam is hydroelectric
power generation and it
supports a 4,200 MW
power station.
Constructed between
2002 and 2010, it is the
worlds highest arch dam
at 292m (958ft)
Hoover Dam
(1931-1936) When
completed it was
both the worlds
largest concrete
structure and
largest
hydroelectric power
station. The
Hoover Dam
reaches 726 feet in
height (221
metres).
The Three Gorges
Dam (1994-2007)
is a straight-crested
concrete gravity
structure. In terms
of the amount of
electricity its the
worlds largest Dam
Power Plant that
generates
22,500MW on the
Yangtze Riverin
China
Types of Dam
 Types of Dam
Gravity Dam
Buttress Dam
Embankment Dam
Arch Dam
Gravity Dam
Agravity damis adamconstructed
from concrete or stone masonry and
designed to hold back water by
utilizing the weight of the material
alone to resist the horizontal pressure
of water pushing against it. Gravity
dams are designed so that each
section of the dam is stable,
independent of any other dam section.
Buttress Dam
 Buttress Dam
Dam consisting of relatively thin
water supporting facing or deck
supported by buttress generally in
form of equally spaced triangular
walls or counter forts that transmit
the water load & deck weights to the
foundation
The essential component of Buttress Dam
 The Essential Component of
Buttress Dam
Deck the upstream sloping
membrane with supports the water
load and transmit it to a series f
buttress .
Buttress- AKA counter forts are
provided at the certain intervals at
right angle to the axis of the dam to
support the deck and for
transference of the load to the
foundation
 Buttress Dam
A buttress Dam envisages to reduce
the total voume of concrete by
constricting the material where the
stresses are hgher and other
undesirabl featues of gravity dam
but has higher cement content per
cubic metre of concrete than a
gravity dam
Advantages of Buttress Dam
Thin section with one-third to one-half
economy in concrete compared to gravity
dam of similar height
No problem of uplift or Foundation Drainage
Can be constructed on weak foundation
Vertical component of water resisting against
upstream sloping depth add to stability of
the dam
Powerhouses & Water-Treatment Plants have
been placed between buttress dam
 Disadvantages of Buttress
Dam
The thinner section is more
vulnerable due to deterioration of
concrete
Susceptible to damage or destruction
due to damage or destruction by
sabotage during war
Higher cost of formworks
Saving in concrete is largely offset by
more reinforcement required
 Types of Buttress Dam
Rigid Buttress Dam
Deck Slab Buttress Dam
Bulk Head Buttress Dam
Rigid Buttress Dam

Rigidity in
construction
The upstream
sloping deck is
made monolithic
with buttress.
Suitable in high
dam
Two types(Multi
Arc Dam&
Multiple Dome
Buttress Dam)
Deck Slab Buttress
Dam

Is made of a flat
reinforced concrete slab
spanning across a
series of parallel
buttress
Water pressure is
transmitted by the slab
to the buttress
The buttress spacing,
depending on the
height of dam, varies 5
to 15m
The upstream sloe of
the slope may vary
between 35-45deg with
the horizontal.
Bulk Head Buttress
Dam
It is a type of
buttress dam in which
the face slab is
replaced by flaring
the upstream edge of
the buttress with
massive head forming
the water supporting
member

The massive head

buttress behave as
one monolithic unit
for the stability of
the dam section
Arch Dam
Arch Dam

An Arch Dam is
curved in plan
and carries
most of water
load horizontal
to abutment by
arch action.
 Arch Dam
Suitable for narrow
valley section with
rock abutment
Constructed of
masonry ;concerte ;
RC
Subjected to same
forces as gravity
dams but resisted by
horizontal arch action
Arch stresses are able
to adjust themselves
to support any load
conditions
Arch Dam
REA
CTIO
N
FOR
CE
ON
ARC
H
DAM
Stability Analysis of Arch
Dams
Total horizontal loads are determined
and compared with max allowable
abutment stresses
No danger of sliding or overturning
Foundation soil stresses are never
critical
 Type of Arch Dam
Simple Arch Dam, which transfer a
larger part of their loading by
cantilever action may also be of
different types,since their face may
be either vertical or curvilinear
1. Constant Raduis Arch Dam
2. Variable Raduis Arch Dam
3. Constant Angle Arch Dam
Constant Radius
Arch Dam
For U-shaped valleys
The simplest in design
as well as
construction, but uses
maximum concrete
Triangular in cross-
section with increased
thickness at the crest
Arch center of which
for upstream face
Downstream face&
center line are all
coincident with the
axis center at all
elevations
Variable Radius
Arch Dam
For V-shaped
valley
Both raduis and
center angle are
not constant
Radii gradually
decrease as the
depth below the
crest increases
Center angle is
different for
different arches and
usually varies from
180-150deg
Constant Angle
Arch Dam

All the arch

rings have a
constant angle
It is
economical
 Forces Acting on Arch Dam
Uplift Pressure
Ice Pressure
Temperature changes
Yielding Abutmenent
Embankment Dam
Embankment dams are made
fromcompacted earth, and have two
main types, rock-fill and earth-fill
dams.
 Dam failure and the safety of
dams
Overtopping of embankment dams due to
inadequate spillway discharge capacity to pass
flood waters.
Faults in construction methods(eg inadequate
compaction of fill) or use of the wrong type of
construction materials (eg silt) may lead to
internal erosion or piping failures of embankment
dams.
Geological problems with the dam foundation.
Landslides which fall into the storage reservoir
Earthquakes
Rehabilitation of Dam
 Management Design
I. Monitoring the Behavior of Dam
. Sufficient monitoring equipment in
good order
. Measurement of data to be
regularly evaluated
. The dam should be inspected
regularly & Independent advice
should be called for when usual
behavior is noted
REHABILITATION OF
CONCRETE AND
MASONRY DAMS
FIN.