Image Processing Chapter 02

Advanced Image Processing
Digital Image Fundamentals
CSE 535 Advanced Image Processing
Asif Khan, PhD

asifkhan@giki.edu.pk
http://www.giki.edu.pk/Faculty/Dr-Asif-Khan
Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Contents
Elements of Visual Perception
Brightness adaptation and discrimination
Light and the electromagnetic spectrum
A simple image formation model
Image sampling and quantization
Basic relationship between pixels
Basic mathematical tools

Contents

Mach bands: The visual

system tends to undershoot
or overshoot around the
boundary of regions of
different intensities.



http://web.mit.edu/persci/people/adelson/checkershadow_illusion.html

Perceived brightness/intensity is not a simple

function of intensity

Contents




Monochromatic (achromatic)
Grey level (monochromatic intensity)
Quantities of chromatic light
Radiance (illuminance)
Luminance
Brightness


Quantities of chromatic light
Radiance (illuminance)
Luminance
Brightness
If the ration is small then good brightness discrimination,

otherwise poor

Contents



Image is a two-dimensional function f(x, y)
x, y are spatial coordinates
0 < f(x, y) <
f(x, y) = i(x, y) r(x, y)
0 < i(x, y) < illumination

Typical values of r(x, y):
0 < r(x, y) < 1

black velvet:0.01,
reflectance stainless steel:0.65,
flat-white wall paint: 0.80,
silver-plated metal: 0.90
snow : 0.93.


Image is a two-dimensional function f(x, y)
Lmin < f(x0, y0) < Lmax
[Lmin , Lmax] = gray (or intensity) scale
= [0 , L-1]
f(x0, y0) = 0 = black

f(x0, y0) = L-1 = white

Contents

Sampling: digitizing coordinates

Quantization: digitizing amplitude values

Sampling and quantization


Image sampling

Image sampling



Image quantization

Image quantization: how many bits per pixel?

Representing digital images



Spatial domain, spatial coordinates, spatial variables
[Lmin , Lmax] = gray (or intensity) scale

= [0 , L-1]
L = 2k (k is integer)
The number of bits required to store a digital
image
b=MxNxk
b = N2k (if M==N)


dynamic range of imaging system
saturation
noise

Spatial and intensity resolution
Spatial: dots (pixels) per unit distance

dots per inch

Intensity: smallest discernable change in intensity level

L = 256 has 8 bits of intensity resolution

Intensity: smallest discernable change in intensity level

L = 256 has 8 bits of intensity resolution


Spatial and intensity resolution False contouring


Image interpolation
Using known data to estimate values at unknown locations
Zooming, shrinking (re-sampling)
Nearest neighbor
Bilinear
Bicubic

Image interpolation
Using known data to estimate values at unknown locations
Zooming, shrinking (re-sampling)
Nearest neighbor
Bilinear
Bicubic

Contents

Neighbors of a pixel
N4 p(x,y-1)
ND p(x-1, y) p(x,y) p (x+1, y)
N8
p(x, y+1)
N4 ND N8

Adjacency, Connectivity, Region, Boundary
Values of p and q
belong to set V

4-, 8-, or m- path ?


If path exist then connected
The set of connected pixels connected component
If set S has only one connect component connected set
Region: connected set
Boundary (border or contour): boundary of a region R is the

set of pixels that are adjacent to pixels in the complement of
R
4-, 8-, or m- path ?


If path exist then connected
The set of connected pixels connected component
If set S has only one connect component connected set
Region: connected set
Boundary (border or contour): boundary of a region R is the

set of pixels that are adjacent to pixels in the complement of
R
4-, 8-, or m- path ?

Distance measures
Euclidean distance
D4 or city-block or Manhattan distance
D8 or chessboard distance

Contents


Array product and matrix product
Linear and non-linear operator
Arithmetic operations
+, -, x,


+, -, x,


+, -, x,


+, -, x,


+, -, x, Where is the defect ?


+, -, x,


+, -, x,
Shading correction


+, -, x,
Shading correction
masking


+, -, x,
Set and logical operations
Spatial operations
Vector and matrix operations
Image transforms
Probabilistic methods

Acknowledgement
Images taken from Digital Image Processing by Gonzalez

and Woods, 3rd Ed.

Image Processing Chapter 02

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Advanced Image Processing

Digital Image Fundamentals

CSE 535 Advanced Image Processing

Asif Khan, PhD

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Brightness adaptation and discrimination

Mach bands: The visual

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Brightness adaptation and discrimination

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Brightness adaptation and discrimination

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Brightness adaptation and discrimination

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Brightness adaptation and discrimination

Perceived brightness/intensity is not a simple

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Light and the electromagnetic spectrum

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Light and the electromagnetic spectrum

If the ration is small then good brightness discrimination,

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

A simple image formation model

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

A simple image formation model

0 < f(x, y) <

f(x, y) = i(x, y) r(x, y)

0 < i(x, y) < illumination

0 < r(x, y) < 1

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

A simple image formation model

Lmin < f(x0, y0) < Lmax

[Lmin , Lmax] = gray (or intensity) scale

f(x0, y0) = 0 = black

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Sampling: digitizing coordinates

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Quantization: digitizing amplitude values

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Sampling and quantization

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Image sampling and quantization

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Image sampling and quantization

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Image sampling and quantization

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Image quantization: how many bits per pixel?

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Representing digital images

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017

Representing digital images

Dr. Asif Khan, GIK Institute, Spring 2017