BAA2113

THEORY OF STRUCTURE
SESSION 2012/2013 SEMESTER I

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
EN MOHAMMAD AMIRULKHAIRI
BIN ZUBIR
 PART 1

Structures
OBJECTIVE
At the end of this lesson, student should be
able to:
Define the term structure

Identify the types and elements of

structure.
Identify the types of joints and support in

structures.
STRUCTUREs
1.1 STRUCTURES
Can be defined as forms or shapes such as building,
bridges, dams and walls and are design to resist any
applied load without losing their own strength capacities
and any appreciable deformation.
Transmit all applied loads to the support systems
All structure is required to be strong, stable and
functioning.

1.2 TYPES OF STRUCTURES

Can be categorized into :

Framed types
Mass types
 Framed structure resist the applied loads by virtue of their geometry
Mass structure are a type of structures which are able to resist the
applied load by virtue of their weight.

Example of structural elements

beam
column
Arch
walls
trusses
foundation
 STUCTURE ELEMENTS

Beam Structure
Wall Structure

Arches
Column Structure
1.3 TYPES OF JOINTS IN FRAMED STRUCTURES

Stiff joint

TYPES OF
CONNECTION

Pinned joint
Stiff
Stiff Joint
Joint Pinned
Pinned Joint
Joint

Considered
Considered have
have fixity
fixity at
at Also
Also known
known as
as hinged
hinged
the
the point
point of
of connection
connection point
point
and
and Common
Common applications:
applications:
is
is rigid
rigid roof
roof
One
One member
member meeting
meeting atat trusses
trusses and
and bridges
bridges were
were
the
the constructed
constructed using
using pinned
pinned
joint
joint has
has an
an effect
effect on
on the
the
other
other member
member joint
joint
Allow
Allow relative
relative movement
movement
of
of
the
the member
member andand its
its
cannot
cannot
resist
resist bending
bending movement
movement
 Member not affected
Angle remains
Rigid joint
unaltered
Pinned Rotation
joint
Rotation

Bending of member
due to load

Rotation in Stiff Joint Rotation in Pinned Joint

1.4 TYPES OF SUPPORT IN A FRAMES STRUCTURE

TYPES OF SUPPORT REACTION NO OF UNKNOWN

(DEGREE OF FREEDOM)

pinned 2

roller 1

fixed 3

Refer Text book pg

37
Pinned support
Fixed support
 Foundation Extraordinar
Failure y Loads

Unexpected
Faulty Failure
Constructio Modes
n

Bad COLLAPSE Combination

Design WHY?? of Causes
 Food of mind

beam
1. The structure element shows in figure above is .
2. The structure above can be categorize as ..
Frame
Type
3. What types of connection indicated at point A, B and C.
Pinned roller free

4. Identify the number of reaction at point A, B and

2 C 1 0
 Covered
..
CO1 : An ability to identify the stability
and determinacy of structures
 PART 2

Determinacy
OBJECTIVE
At the end of this lesson, student should
be able to:
Identified the determinancy criteria of

structure
Determine the number of redundancy for

the structure.
Draw FBD for structures
IDEALIZED STRUCTURE

a) Actual Structure b) Idealized Structure

IDEALIZED STRUCTURE

b) Idealized Structure

a) Actual Structure
Free body diagrams
Any force system acting on a structure is easily analyzed if the
appropriate reactions required to maintain equilibrium are inserted in
a diagrams

FBD
1.5 EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM

When the force act in the x-y plane, the equation will be

Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Mz = 0
1.6 CONDITIONS OF DETERMINACY
To state of static equilibrium, it is necessary to
establish the DETERMINACY and STABILITY
Equilibrium equation provide sufficient conditions for
equilibrium. All forces can be determined strictly from
these equation
Structure is referred as STATICALLY DETERMINATE
However, structure having more unknown forces than
available equilibrium equation referred as STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE
This can be determined using a free body diagram
CONDITION OF DETERMINANCY FOR
BEAMS
Examples:

a) Simply Supported Beam a) Continuous Beam

b) Cantilever Beam b) End-support or Propped Cantilever Beam

c) Overhanging Beam c) Built-in Beam

TRUSS REFER PAGE 83 &
85
Planar Trusses

Simple truss Compound truss Complex truss

The simplest foamed by Its cannot be

framework that is connecting two or classified either
rigid and stable more simple truss. simple or
triangle. compound truss.
 CONDITION OF DETERMINANCY FOR TRUSSES

Examples:

Stable Unstable
1.6.1 Determinacy Beam
Beam, pin connected and frame are classified as determinate
depending upon the internal forces in the member or external support
reaction.
Example 1
Example 2

HINGE CONNECTION CONSIDERED TO HAVE 2 REATION

Example 3
Example 4

10 9
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
1.6.2 Trusses
Trusses also classified as determinate depending external support
reaction.

2j = b + r

j = number of JOINT/S

b = number of MEMBER/S of the trusses

r = is number of REACTION/S
Example 3

b=9 j=6 r=3

Unknown b+ r = 12
Equation 2(J) = 12
0
the structure is just stiff ( statically determinate)
1.7 DETERMINACY CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURES

Three categories of determinacy for structures

Under stiff

If there are more equilibrium equation than the unknown forces,

the system is not a structure and it is unstable.

Just stiff

If the equilibrium equation is equal to unknown forces.

Over stiff

If the equilibrium equation is less than to unknown forces.

1.7.1 Redundancy

Frame / beam

r = 3n (just stiff / statically determinate)

r > 3n (under stiff / forms a mechanism)

r < 3n (over stiff / statically indeterminate)

or

Check the number of

redundancy
Number of redundancy = r
3n
Example 1

10 9
Trusses

2j = b + r (just stiff / statically determinate)

2j > b + r (under stiff / forms a mechanism)

2j < b +r (over stiff / statically indeterminate)

or

Check the number of

redundancy
Number of redundancy = b + r
2j
Example

b = 14 j=8 r=3
Unknown b + r = 17
Equation 2(J) = 16
1
the structure is over stiff ( statically
determinate) to 1st degree
FOR MORE EXAMPLE SEE
PAGE 48, 49, 52, 53, 67,
123
Smooth pin connected collar
 Covered
..
CO1 : An ability to identify the stability
and determinacy of structures
 PART 3

Stability
Determinacy and
stability of structures
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, students should
be able to:
Defined the term of stability

Identified the stability of the structure

Calculated the determinacy criteria of

structure and check the stability of

structure.
WHAT IS STABILITY ??
Which one is better??
 Which one is
stable??

Figure a Figure b

Figure a will change their shape without change

their member length
STABILITY
-To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its member, it
is not only necessary to satisfy the equation of
equilibrium, but the member must also be properly held
or constrained by their support.
- Two situations may occur where the conditions for
proper constraint have not been met. There are:

Partial Constraints

Improper Constraints
 Partial Constraint

In some cases a structure or one of its members may have fewer

(less) reactive forces than equations of equilibrium that must be
satisfied. The structure then becomes only partially constrained
therefore the structure unstable as shown in Figure

Note:
Not fulfill equation of equilibrium
Fx=0 will not be satisfied
Member will be unstable
Improper constraints
In some cases there may be as many unknown forces as
there are equations of equilibrium; however, instability or
movement of its members can develop because of
improper constraining by the support. This can occur if
ALL the support reactions are concurrent (intersect at a
same point) at a point as shown in Figure. Another way,
in which improper constraining leads to instability occurs
when the reactive forces are all parallel as shown in
Figure

When support reaction concurrent

at joint reaction force are all
parallel
EXAMPLE
B Figure B
C

B
A

Figure A
Figure C
Figure D

Figure E
Figure A

B
The structure is
not stable
because the
reaction at
support A and B
A are parallel.
 B
The structure is not
C
stable because the
reaction at A and B
is concurrent at
A
joint C

Figure B
 C

B
Figure C
A

The structure is not stable because

the reaction at support A, B and C
are parallel
 B
A

The structure externally

unstable because all the
reactions at A and B are
concurrent at one point
 C E G
D

A H
B F

The structure is internally

unstable because it can be seen
that no restraint or fixity is
provided between joint C and F
or B and E.
 DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

r=3 n=1 The structure is

statically determinate
r = 3n
but unstable because
3 =3 all reactions are
parallel.
Example 1
Check the determinacy criteria for structure
and classified it as stable or unstable.

Figure 1

Figure 3
The structure is statically
determinate
Stable since the reactions
are not concurrent and non
parallel
 C
A B
C is hinge

Figure 2

The compound beam is stable. It is also

indeterminate to second degree.
 A

The member is unstable since the three

reaction is concurrent at B.
 B
A Hinge at point B and C

Figure 4

The structure is unstable. Also, this can

be seen by inspection, since AB can
move horizontally without restraint.
 FOOD OF MIND

Classify each of the structure as

statically determinate, statically
indeterminate or unstable. If
indeterminate, specify the degree of
indeterminacy.
 Covered
..
CO1 : An ability to identify the stability
and determinacy of structures
DISCUSSION