The Skeletal System:

Bone Formation, Growth, and Deterioration

Six Types of Bones
 Anatomy of a Long Bone
Two Regions
o Diaphysis: the shaft of the bone
o Epiphysis: the very ends of the long bone
Word Root Meaning As in.

dia across diameter

peri around perimeter

endo within, interior endoscopy

epi upon, over epithelium

osteo bone osteoporosis

syn with, together synapse, synergy

 Anatomy of a Long Bone
Review:
o Articulating cartilage: allows smooth movement within joints
o Periosteum: Covers entire length of bone (outside). Site of
attachment for ligaments and tendons
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=1&v=8A0rRIpjutY)
o Compact bone: underneath periosteum. responsible for the bones
structural integrity
o Cancellous bone: beneath compact bone. Filled with marrow in its
small cavity-like spaces
o Medullary cavity: Found inside the shaft of the bone and is filled with
red and yellow bone marrow

Bone Marrow
o Red marrow: where blood-cell formation (hematopoiesis) occurs.
o Yellow marrow: made up mostly of adipose (fat) cells and connective
tissue that has no role in blood-cell formation
Epiphyseal Plates and Lines
Epiphyseal plates (growth plates) Epiphyseal
o Occur at various locations at line
the epiphyses of long bones
o Growth possible
o Appear as black spaces
between the diaphysis and
epiphysis on x-rays
Epiphyseal lines
o Occur when epiphyseal plates
have fused or come together
o Growth not possible
o Appears as a solid epiphysis Epiphyseal
plate
(no black spaces) on an x-ray
X-rays with Epiphyseal
Plates
Bone Formation
Ossification (bone formation ) takes two forms:
o Compact bone (begins as cartilage):
Osteoblasts discharge osteoid into which minerals
are deposited to form the hardened material
recognized as bone

o Cancellous bone (begins as fibrous membranes):

Osteoblasts release osteoid into membrane which
forms a sponge-like bundle of fibres
Cancellous bone formation develops outward from
these centres in the membrane

OSTEOBLASTS: BONE FORMING CELLS

OSTEOCLASTS: BONE-RESORBING CELLS
Bone Remodeling
Bone Remodeling has two main phases:
o Osteoclasts release acids and enzymes to remove
old bone
o Osteoblasts deposit new tissue

This remodelling process is most active

during the early years of human growth

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=yENNqRJ2mu0&feature=related
Effects of Aging Skeletal System
Remodelling declines from fourth decade of a persons
life onward
o Process reverses and resorption exceeds bone
formation
o Results in a 510% loss in bone mass per
subsequent decade
o Affects overall calcium levels in the body

Osteoporosis results in low bone mass and

deterioration of the bone tissue because bone is no
longer replaced as quickly as it is removed
o Leads to bone fragility
o Increased susceptibility to bone fractures
 Osteoporosis Risk Factors
Being thin or having a small frame
Family history of the disease
Smoking
Excessive alcohol use
Lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet
Physical Inactivity
Being postmenopausal or having had an early
menopause
Having an abnormal absence of menstrual
periods
Using certain drugs for a long period of time
 Prevention of Osteoporosis
Preventative measures include:
o A balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D
Why vitamin D?

o Weight-bearing exercise

o A healthy lifestyle (no smoking or excessive

alcohol)

o Bone density testing and medication when

appropriate
 Types of Fractures
Simple fracture no separation, a break or crack (hairline
fracture)
Compound fracture bone breaks into separate pieces
Comminuted fracture bone shatters into many pieces

Simple Compound Comminuted

fracture fracture fracture
 Below: Distal Radius Simple Fracture

Above: Normal wrist

Compound Fracture Before and After Surgery
Compound
fracture
Comminuted fractures
 Symptoms of Fractures
Sharp Pain
Tenderness
Swelling
Discolouration of the skin
Grating or grinding movement
 Stress Fractures
Occur when muscles become too fatigued to
absorb the shock placed on them and they
transfer the impact to the bone
Looks like a tiny crack

Causes:
o Rapid increase in activity
o Switching to a new training surface or playing on a
very hard training surface
o Poor footwear

Treatment
o 6 8 weeks rest from activity that would stress the
bone
Stress Fractures

Radiograph (bone scan)

X-ray
 One More!
Not exactly like the other breaks....
Broken Heart..
 Homework
Memorize Anatomical Terms and
Major bones of the body. There will
be a quiz on Monday or Tuesday on
this.

Get some pencil crayons (red, green,

blue, etc.)