Chapter 22: WWII

I. Rise of Totalitarian
Dictatorships
A) Totalitarian States

1. Use of propaganda to promote the

ideas and programs of the state
2. Use of secret police to arrest or
assassinate opponents
3. Emphasis on the goals of the state,
not individual rights or concerns
4. State controls all aspects of life
5. Government maintained by force
and not accountable to the people
6. One-party political system led by a
dictator
B) Communism in Russia

Strengthening of the USSR

Stalin: dictator, forced Trotsky out
Five-Year Plans
Collectivization
Opposed by peasants
Severe famine
Results
B) Communism in Russia

Strengthening of the USSR

Reign of Terror
Purges
Hundreds of thousands were killed
Attempted to wipe out Christianity
B) Communism in Russia

Foreign Policy
Comintern
Stalin first wanted to build up communism at home
Diplomatic recognition by West
C) Fascism in Italy and
Germany

Called Nazism in Germany

 * How Communism and Fascism Differ *

1. Under fascism, businesses are

privately owned but rigorously
controlled by the government.
Under communism, the government
both owns and controls businesses.
 * How Communism and Fascism Differ *

2. Fascism is highly nationalistic;

communism ideally seeks a
classless, international society.
 * How Communism and Fascism Differ *

3. A military dictatorship usually

openly governs a fascist state;
communism deceptively
emphasizes the dictatorship of the
proletariat.
 * How Communism and Fascism Differ *

4. Fascism glorifies the state;

communism teaches that the state
will gradually wither away.
C) Fascism in Italy and
Germany

Mussolini in Italy
Dissatisfaction after the Great War ended
Mussolini and the Fascist Party
Fasces were the ancient Roman symbol of
authority
Marched on Rome and was appointed premier
C) Fascism in Italy and
Germany

Mussolini in Italy
Mussolini and the Fascist State
Il Duce
Autarky
Syndicates
No clearly defined political program
Lateran Treaties
C) Fascism in Italy and
Germany
Hitler in Germany
Weimar Republic
Hitler and the Nazi Party
Early years
Gestapo
Beer hall putsch
Mein Kampf
Aryan superiority
Swastika
C) Fascism in Italy and
Germany

Hitler in Germany
Hitlers rise to power
 Reasons for Hitlers Rise to Power

1. The Weimar Republic was weak.

2. The Nazis exploited the anger of
Germans against the war guilt
clause of the Versailles Treaty.
 Reasons for Hitlers Rise to Power

3. Economic problems caused many

people to listen to the Nazi promises.
4. Hitler and the Nazis were violently
anti-Communist.
 Reasons for Hitlers Rise to Power

5. Hitlers charisma, leadership, and

use of propaganda techniques drew
many people to the Nazi Party.
C) Fascism in Italy and
Germany

Hitler in Germany
Hitlers rise to power
Number of Nazis in the Reichstag steadily
grew
Hitler appointed chancellor of Germany
II. Global Tension
A) Dictators Defy the League of Nations

Japanese Expansion in Asia

Civilian Gov. after World War I
Emperor Hirohito used military to seize control
of government
Sought to expand
A) Dictators Defy the League of Nations

Japanese Expansion
Chinese Weakness
Sun Yat-sen
Local anarchy
Chiang Kai-shek
Mao Zedong
Long March
A) Dictators Defy the League of Nations

Japanese Expansion in Asia

Japanese invasion
Seized all of Manchuria
Withdrew from League of Nations
Full-scale invasion began in 1937
A) Dictators Defy the League of Nations

Italian Revenge in Africa

Italy conquered Ethiopia
Economic sanctions did little to hinder Italys
war effort
A) Dictators Defy the League of Nations

German Rearmament in Europe

Third Reich
Lebensraum
Hitler ignored earlier agreements
Troops sent into the Rhineland
B) Hitler Challenges European Security

Germany Forms
Alliances
Rome-Berlin Axis
Germany & Italy
Anti-Comintern Pact
Germany & Japan
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
B) Hitler Challenges European Security

The Spanish Civil War

Francisco Franco led revolt against republican
government
Supported by Hitler and Mussolini
Franco victorious in 1939
B) Hitler Challenges European Security

Hitler Takes Austria

Demanded a Nazi be installed as chancellor
Hitler seized entire country
B) Hitler Challenges European Security

Hitler Takes Austria

Sudetenland sacrificed at Munich
Neville Chamberlain
Munich Conference: Hitler allowed to take
Sudetenland
Appeasement
B) Hitler Challenges European Security

Hitler Takes Austria

Czechoslovakia falls to the Germans
Winston Churchill
Germans march into Prague
Policy of appeasement made war certain
B) Hitler Challenges European
Security

Stage Set For War

Hitler demanded that the Polish Corridor be
ceded to Germany
Britain and France tried to reach military
agreement with Soviets
B) Hitler Challenges European Security

Stage Set For War

Pact of Steel military alliance
Germany & Italy
Nonaggression pact between Germany
and Soviet Union
III. Global Conflict
 A) Axis Successes

Sweep into Poland

Blitzkrieg
Panzer divisions
Luftwaffe
Soviets invaded from the east
Nazis and Soviets divided Polish territory
 A) Axis Successes

Invasion of Scandinavia
Sitzkrieg
Denmark and Norway easily conquered
Fifth columnists
Vidkun Quisling
 A) Axis Successes

The Fall of France

Germany easily took the Low Countries
Few troops had been stationed in the Ardennes
region
Allied army pushed back to Dunkirk
Deliverance
A) Axis
Successes

The Fall of France

Italy declared war on France and Great Britain
Henri Ptain appointed Frence leader, asked for armistice
Vichy France
Charles de Gaulle
A) Axis
Successes

Invasion of North Africa

Italys invasion of Egypt
Germany intervened to back up the Italians
Erwin Rommel
 A) Axis
Successes

The Battle of Britain

German blockade
German bombing campaign
German preparation for an amphibious assault
Royal Air Force
 A) Axis Successes

The Battle of Britain

American support
Fifty destroyers
Lend-Lease Act
Atlantic Charter
B) Axis Blunders

The Invasion of Russia

Operation Barbarossa
Germans underestimated the Russians
Did not prepare for the winter weather
Scorched-earth policy
B) Axis Blunders

The Invasion of Russia

Defeat at Stalingrad
Defeat at Leningrad
Russians received support from U.S. and
Britain
 B) Axis Blunders

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Hideki Tojo
Surprise attack
Date that will live in infamy
Congress declared war
Germany and Italy declared war on U.S.
C) Allied Advances

From North Africa to Italy

Bernard Montgomery
El Alamein
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Algeria
Victory in Africa
Sicily
C) Allied Advances

From North Africa to Italy

Italian peninsula
Italy surrendered
German troops continued to fight
Mussolini captured and killed
C) Allied Advances

From Britain to Normandy

Allied Summit Conferences
Churchill and Roosevelt meet in Casablanca
Big Three meet in Teheran
C) Allied Advances

From Britain to Normandy

The Normandy Invasion
Operation Overlord
Deception of Germans
D-Day: June 6, 1944
Germany continued to fight
 Why Did the Germans
Continue Fighting?

1. Belief in new miracle weapons

2. Hitler expected Allies to split
3. Fear of Russian communism
C) Allied Advances

From Island to Island

Fall of the Philippines
Corregidor
Douglas MacArthur
Bataan Death March
Other Japanese victories
Japan had overextended itself
 C) Allied Advances

From Island to Island

Island-hopping campaign
Strategic choices
Banzai charges
Kamikaze pilots
Return to the Philippines
 C) Allied Advances

From Island to Island

Island-hopping campaign
Iwo Jima
Okinawa
C) Allied Advances

Allied Victory
Russians advanced from the east
Allied troops from the west
Battle of the Bulge
Yalta Conference
C) Allied Advances

Allied Victory
Advance to Berlin
Hitler committed suicide
V-E Day
Holocaust
Postdam Conference: Harry Truman, Clement Attlee,
Stalin
C) Allied Advances

Victory in the Pacific

Incendiary bombs
Atomic bombs dropped
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
Japan surrendered
IV. Efforts for Global Peace
Efforts for Global Peace

The United Nations

Secretariat
General Assembly
Security Council
Other agencies
Shortcomings
The End!