DISACCHARIDE

PRESENT BY :
1. NIRMALA CAHYATI k3309061
2. NURUL AINI k3309064
3. RATIH DEA KOMALASARI K3309066
4. SARRY SARASWATI k3309073
 DISACCHARIDES
1. disaccharides are
macromolecules consisting of
two monosaccharides connected
by a glycosidic bond.
2. some common disaccharides
are lactose (milk sugar), maltose
and sucrose (common table
sugar)
Disaccharide formed from two
monosaccharides
A disaccharide or biose is the
carbohydrate formed when two
monosaccharides undergo a condensation
reaction which involves the elimination
of a small molecule, such as water,
from the functional groups only.
 Classification
There are two different types of
disaccharides: reducing disaccharides,
in which one monosaccharide, the
reducing sugar, still has a free
hemiacetal unit; and non-reducing
disaccharides, in which the
components bond through an acetal
linkage between their anomeric
centers and neither monosaccharide
has a free hemiacetal unit.
 Overview and formation
The four categories of carbohydrates are classified by their number
of sugar units:
Monosaccharides (mono- "one," saccharide- "sugar") are the
monomers (small molecules that may bond chemically to form a
polymer) out of which larger carbohydrates are constructed.
Monosaccharides such as glucose, ribose, and fructose are simple
sugars.
Disaccharides (di-"two"), such as sucrose and lactose, are two
monosaccharides linked together by covalent bonds.
Oligosaccharides (oligo- "several") are made up of from three to 20
monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides (poly- "many") are large polymers composed of
hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides. Starch, glycogen, and
cellulose are polysaccharides.
In other words, the repeating units of disaccharides (and
oligosaccharides and polysaccharides) are simple sugars called
monosaccharides.
 There are two categories of
monosaccharides:
aldosugars, with a terminal carbonyl
group (a carbon atom double-
bonded to an oxygen atom), and
ketosugars, with an internal
carbonyl group typically on the
second carbon atom.
 Common disaccharides
DISACCHARIDE UNIT 1 UNIT 2 UNIT 3
Sucrose (table sugar, cane sugar, beet Glucose Fructos (12)
sugar, or saccharose) e
Lactulose Galactos Fructos (14)
e e
Glucose (14)
Lactose ( milk sugar) Galactos
e
Maltose Glucose Glucose (14)
Trehalose Glucose Glucose (11)

Cellobiose
Maltose Glucose
and cellobiose are hydrolysis Glucose
products (14)
of the
polysaccharides, starch and cellulose, respectively.
Less common disaccharides include:

DISACCHARID UNITS BONDS

E
Kojibiose two glucose monomers (12)

Nigerose two glucose monomers (13)

Isomaltose two glucose monomers (16)

,-Trehalose two glucose monomers (11)

,-Trehalose two glucose monomers (11)

Sophorose two glucose monomers (12)

Laminaribiose two glucose monomers (13)

Gentiobiose two glucose monomers (16)

Disacchari Units Bonds
de
Turanose a glucose monomer and a fructose (13)
monomer
Maltulose a glucose monomer and a fructose (14)
monomer
Palatinose a glucose monomer and a fructose (16)
monomer
Gentiobiulose a glucose monomer and a fructose monomer (16)
either (12), (13),
Mannobiose two mannose monomers
(14), or (16)
Melibiose a galactose monomer and a glucose monomer (16)
Melibiulose a galactose monomer and a fructose monomer (16)
Rutinose a rhamnose monomer and a glucose monomer (16)
Rutinulose a rhamnose monomer and a fructose monomer (16)
Xylobiose two xylopyranose monomers (14)
 STRUCTURE
Three common disaccharides, and
nutritionally important, are
sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
Each of these has the same
chemical formula (C12H22O11) and
each has at least one glucose
unit as part of their structure.
Disaccharide Structure-maltose
Maltose is produced when an -1,4 glycosidic linkage
forms between two glucose molecules. The hydroxyl
group on carbon 1 of one glucose in the (down)
position reacts with the hydroxyl group on carbon 4
of the other glucose.
 Disaccharide Structure-
cellobiose
In cellobiose, two glucoses are
linked by a -1,4 glycosidic
linkage.
Disaccharide Structure-
Sucrose and Lactose
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