Networking and Interconnection

Presented by -:
Soumika
Introduction
A network is a group of
computers that can communicate
with each other so they can share
information
When computers can
communicate with each other
they can share resources
Types of networks
Classification based on geographical area
LAN
MAN
WAN
Local Area Networks
Limited geographic area
High speed and error free data transmission
Not expensive
Metropolitan Area Networks
MAN is a type of data network designed for a
town or city
In terms of geographic breadth-
> LAN
< WAN
MANs are usually characterized by very high
speed connections.
Wide Area Networks
Connects computers over states, countries etc.,
Unlimited geographical coverage
More sophisticated
Connects LANs and MANs
Expensive technology
 Applications of Networks
Resource Sharing
Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
Software (application software)
Information Sharing
Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
Search Capability (WWW)
Communication
Email
Message broadcast
Remote computing
Networking Components
A hub is a multiport repeater that retransmits a
signal on all ports
Operates at Layer 1 of the OSI model
Can connect segments or a network
Cannot segment a network
Networking Components
A bridge can connect two different types of
topologies
Moves data more rapidly
Takes longer to transmit because it analyzes each
packet
Networking Components
Switches operate at the Data Link layer of the
OSI model

Determines from a physical address (MAC

address) which device a packet is intended for and
switches it out toward that device
Networking Components
Routers operate at the Network layer of the OSI
model
Forwards information to its destination on the
network or the Internet
Routers maintain tables that are checked each
time a packet needs to be redirected from one
interface to another
Network Topology
The network topology
defines the way in which
computers, printers, and
other devices are
connected. A network
topology describes the
layout of the wire and
devices as well as the
paths used by data
transmissions.
Bus Topology
Commonly referred to as
a linear bus, all the
devices on a bus topology
are connected by one
single cable.
 Star & Tree Topology
The star topology is the most
commonly used architecture in
Ethernet LANs.
When installed, the star topology
resembles spokes in a bicycle
wheel.
Larger networks use the extended
star topology also called tree
topology. When used with
network devices that filter frames
or packets, like bridges, switches,
and routers, this topology
significantly reduces the traffic
on the wires by sending packets
only to the wires of the
destination host.
Mesh Topology
The mesh topology
connects all devices
(nodes) to each other for
redundancy and fault
tolerance.
It is used in WANs to
interconnect LANs and
for mission critical
networks like those used
by banks and financial
institutions.
Implementing the mesh
topology is expensive and
difficult.
Ring Topology
A frame travels around the ring,
stopping at each node. If a node
wants to transmit data, it adds
the data as well as the
destination address to the frame.
The frame then continues
around the ring until it finds the
destination node, which takes
the data out of the frame.
Single ring All the devices on the
network share a single cable
Dual ring The dual ring topology
allows data to be sent in both
directions.
The OSI Model
An architecture that allows the devices of
different manufacturers to work together to
communicate with different operating systems
This architecture determines how hardware,
software, topologies and protocols exist on the
network and how they operate
The OSI Model
Physical layer
Defines mechanical, functional, procedural and
electrical aspects of networking
- Includes connectors, circuits, voltage levels and
grounding
Data Link layer
Converts data from upper layers into logical
packages or frames
Converts logical frames into raw bits that are
transmitted by the Physical layer
The OSI Model
Network layer
Provides connectivity and path selection between
two systems
routing and addressing layer
Transport layer
Provides a virtual end-to-end connection so that
data transferred between two hosts will arrive
without errors and in the correct order
The OSI Model
Session layer
Allows two applications on different computers to
establish dialog control
Regulates which side transmits
Determines the time and length of the transmission
Presentation layer
Translates data from the Application layer into an
intermediary format
Provides services such as data encryption, and
compresses data
The OSI Model
Application layer
Provides application programs access to print and
file services to ensure that effective
communication with other application programs
is possible
Networking Media
Networking media can
be defined simply as the
means by which signals
(data) are sent from one
computer to another
(either by cable or
wireless means).
Cables
Transmit signals through network
Different cable considerations according to need
Types
Co-axial
Twisted Pair
Fiber-optic
Co-axial cable
Most trusted in earlier
networks
Carries data as
electromagnetic signals
Good resistance against
interference
 8.2.
26

Twisted pair
Pair of insulated copper
wires
Types
Shielded(STP)
Unshielded(UTP)
UTP common in LAN
Max. cable length 100
meters
 8.2.
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Fiber optic cables

Core cylinder of glass

Not subject to interference
Transfer rate more than 100
mbps
Expensive
Advantages
File sharing
Resource sharing
Increased storage capacity
Increased cost efficiency
Disadvantages
Security issues
Rapid spread of computer viruses
Expensive set up
Dependency on the main file
Thank You