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Kinetics
Reactor type Conversion
& &
size Material & selectivity
energy
balances
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-2
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-3
System volume
Rate of Rate of Rate of Rate of
Rate of
flow of j - flow of j out + generation of j - decomposition =
accumulation
into system of system by chemical rxn of j
dN j
Fj0 Fj Gj
dt
mol mol mol d
s s mol
s dt
If the system is uniform throughout its entire volume, then:
Gj rj V
Moles j Moles generated
Volume
generated per = per unit time and
(m3)
unit time (mol/s) volume (mol/sm3)
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-4
System volume
reactor
Today we will use BMB to
derive reactor design
equations. Your goal is to
learn this process, not to
memorize the equations!
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-6
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-7
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-8
(CSTR) Properties
Continuously add reactants and
remove products (open system)
Inlet stream instantaneously mixes
with bulk of reactor volume
Ideal batch reactor- assume perfect
mixing occurs in vessel
Temperature and concentration
are uniform throughout space
Composition of the exit stream is
the same as that inside reactor
(CA,outlet = CA, tank)
Steady-state conditions- the reaction
rate is the same at every point and
does not change with time
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-10
Examples of CSTRs
Laboratory-Scale Bioreactor
Pfaudler Inc.
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-11
Properties
Also called a tubular reactor
Cylindrical pipe with openings at
both ends
Steady movement of material
down length of reactor
Reactants are consumed as they
flow down the length of the
reactor
Operated at steady state:
No radial variation in
temperature, concentration,
or reaction rate
All fluid/gas elements have
the same residence time
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-14
Industrial PFRs
Polyethylene reactor:
16 inch inner diameter
Operates at 35,000 psi & 600 F
Has a vertical orientation when in use
Courtesy of Autoclave Engineers of Snap-tite, Inc.
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-15
FA0 FA
dN j
Fj0 - Fj + rjV =
dt
dN j Divide by V
Fj Fj rj V Fj Fj rjV 0
V V V dt V V V
V
0
Fj Fj lim dFj
V V V
Fj V V Fj V V0 rj
rj 0 rj dV
V V
If we assume the PFR is ideal, the degree of completion Ideal SS PFR
is not affected by PFR shape, only by PFR volume Design Eq.
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-16
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-17
Units for the rate of a mol Units for the rate of mol
homogeneous rxn (rj) : s m3 a catalytic rxn (rj) : s kg catalyst
dFj
rj ' where W is the weight of the catalyst
dW
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-18
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-19
Selection of Reactors
Batch
small scale
production of expensive products (e.g. pharmacy)
high labor costs per batch
difficult for large-scale production
CSTR: most homogeneous liquid-phase flow reactors
when intense agitation is required
relatively easy to maintain good temperature control
the conversion of reactant per volume of reactor is the smallest
of the flow reactors - very large reactors are necessary to obtain
high conversions
PFR: most homogeneous gas-phase flow reactors
relatively easy to maintain
usually produces the highest conversion per reactor volume
(weight of catalyst if it is a packed-bed catalyze gas reaction) of
any of the flow reactors
difficult to control temperature within the reactor
hot spots can occur
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L2-20
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.