STUDY OF BI-AXILA BEHAVIOUR OF

COTTON WOVEN FABRIC

INTRODUCTION
 When fabric is loaded as well as elongated along one axis it is called
Uni-axial loading.In uni-axial tensile loading fabric elongates along the
axis while it shrinks across the axis of loading as shown in curve.

In practical when fabric is stretched its loading is not uni directional. As

an example we can see fabric at knee joint stretched multi axially. To
observe fabrics true tensile behavior we have to go for multi directional
test.

Tests like bi- axial tensile testing, bursting strength, puncture strength
can be done for multi directional loading tests.
LITERATURE REVIEW
 PLAIN WEAVE

Plan (A), Weave representation (B) Cross-sectional view along warp (D)
Cross-sectional view along weft (C) for plain weave
TWILL WEAVE
RIB WEAVE
Woven Fabric under uni-axial Loading

extension Yarn
region

Decrimping region

Inter fibre
friction effect

Generalised load extension curve

 BI- AXIAL TESTING METHOD
A two directional load extension tester for fabrics was developed by
Reichardt et al. but the machines were unable to provide simultaneous
measurement of warp and weft load and extension.

A biaxial tester had also been described by Checkland et al where

loads and extensions in both directions were recorded but the strain
was measured by photographing the distortion of grid marks on the
cloth.
Klein developed an apparatus, which recorded simultaneous loads and
extensions directly and maintained the ratio of warp and weft load
constant.

Potluri et al developed a special biaxial testing arrangement on the

Instron Tensile Tester to investigate deformation behaviour of fabrics
under biaxial stressing.
 Brierleys Equation

We need a generalized expression for different weaves.

Where T1,T2 are tex value of warp &weft and S1, S2 are warp &weft
density in threads/dm
MATERIALS & METHODS
 Warp
Weave Yarn Linear Weft Density
Set Fabric Code Density
Design Density (Ne) (EPI)
(EPI)

P1 Plain 2/17s 40 37
Set 1 T1 Twill 2/17s 40 38
W1 Weft Rib 2/17s 42 36
P2 Plain 2/17s 40 20
Set 2 T2 Twill 2/17s 40 20
W2 Weft Rib 2/17s 42 18
 Measuring Methods of Properties of Fabrics
Properties
Properties Standard
Standard method
method Instrument
Instrument used
used
Number
Number of
of sample
sample
tested
tested

Testing
Testing of
of fabric
fabric ASTM
ASTM D3778-08
D3778-08 vol-07-01
vol-07-01 Needle
Needle &
& Watch
Watch glass
glass 66
particulars
particulars ASTM
ASTM D3775-08
D3775-08 Weight
Weight Balance
Balance

Breaking
Breaking Strength
Strength ASTM
ASTM D
D 5103-07
5103-07 Digital
Digital INSTRON
INSTRON 6
Thickness ASTM D1777-96(2007) S.D. HARDSON & CO. 25
thickness Gauge
Bi-axial Strength 10 mm /min jaw speed(both C-TRONICS.
side),sample size 14x14 cm Bi- axial tensile tester
6
Bursting strength ASTM D 3786M-09 MAG 6
MAG automatic diaphragm
Puncture Strength 45 mm whole dia, 0.5 kN max load AIMIL 6
capacity
Calculated
6
Air permeability ASTM D737-04(2008) Prolific air permeability tester 6
 Testing of fabric particulars
Yarn Weight
Warp Weft
Fabric Weave Linear per unit Thickness
Density Density
Code Design Density Area (mm)
(EPI) (PPI)
(Ne) (g/m2)
P1 Plain 2/17s 40 37 193.33 0.60

T1 Twill 2/17s 40 38 189.76 0.72

W1 Weft Rib 2/17s 42 36 197.00 0.72

P2 Plain 2/17s 40 20 132.48 0.67
T2 Twill 2/17s 40 20 148.88 0.73
W2 Weft Rib 2/17s 42 18 142.4 0.65
 Thread Density Details
Fabric Weave Warp Density, Weft Density, Yarn Density of Square Yarn Density of Square
(Ends Per (Picks Per Fabric, (actual) Fabric, (theoretical)
Code Design decimetre) decimetre) ( Yarns per decimetre) ( Yarns per decimetre)

(S1) (S2) (Ssqactual) (Ssqtheo)

P1 Plain 157 146 150 150
T1 Twill 157 150 153 150
W1 Weft Rib 165 142 151 150
P2 Plain 157 79 104 100
T2 Twill 157 79 104 100
W2 Weft Rib 165 71 100 100
 Comparison of Actual withTheoretical

175

155
R = 1
135

S sq Actual
115

95

75
75 95 115 135 155 175

S sq Theoretical
RESULT & DISCUSSION
 Details of fabric Uni and biaxial loading
behaviour
Uni-axial Bi-axial

Coding Set Actual Warp way Weft way Warp way Weft way
Fabric Code
of fabric ( Yarns per Breaking Breaking Breaking Breaking
decimetre) Stress Stress Stress Stress
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)

P1 150 92.79 52.98 23.63 17.37

T1 Set 1 153 98.18 58.40 20.02 16.17
W1 151 94.90 57.47 23.37 17.21
P2 104 75.82 18.40 24.73 18.64
T2 Set 2 104 72.86 18.30 25.65 21.02
W2 100 56.93 16.29 27.48 23.95
BI-AXIAL TESTER TOP VIEW
 Relation of Tensile Stress and Actual
120

100
Breaking Stress (N/mm2)
R = 0.87
80
Warp Uni-
axial
60
R = 1 Linear (Warp
Uni-axial)
40 Weft Uni-axial
Linear (Weft
20 R = 0.67 Uni-axial)
R = 0.7

0
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
Actual S sq
VARIOUS FORCES ON PLAIN FABRIC
DURING BI AXIAL LOADING
 OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTY TESTED
Air Permea- Bursting Strength Puncture
Actual
Fabric Code bility (kg/ Resistance
( Yarns per
(cc/sec/cm2) cm2) (kN)
decimetre)

P1 150 42.93 11.5 0.154

T1 153 82.56 11.04 0.16
W1 151 87.5 12.24 0.146
P2 104 89.72 7.06 0.063
T2 104 172.77 8.3 0.088
W2 100 173.33 8.12 0.07
 Relationship between bursting strength,puncture
resistance, air permeability vs Ssq
14 200 0.18

Bursting
12
Strength (kg/cm^2) Air Permeability
180
(cc/s/cm^2) Puncture
0.16 Resistance (kN)

f(x) = 0.08x + 0 f(x) = 0x - 0.09

160
R = 0.91 0.14 R = 0.96
10
140 f(x) = - 1.54x + 303.31
R = 0.6 0.12

8 120
0.1
100
6 0.08
80
0.06
4
60
0.04
40
2
0.02
20
0 0
0.2 20.2 40.2 60.2 80.2 100.2 120.2 140.2 160.2 180.2 0 0.2 20.2 40.2 60.2 80.2 100.2120.2140.2160.2180.2
0.2 20.2 40.2 60.2 80.2 100.2120.2140.2160.2180.2
Ssq Actual
Ssq Actual Ssq Actual
 Variation of bursting strength, puncture resistance,
air permeability against different types of fabric
15 0.2

0.15
10
Bursting Strength (kg/cm^2) Puncture Resistance (kN)
0.1
5
0.05
0
P1 T1 W1 P2 T2 W2 0
P1 T1 W1 P2 T2 W2

200

150
Air Permiability (cc/s/cm^2)
100

50

0
P1 T1 W1 P2 T2 W2
 CONCLUSION

The bi-axial breaking stress of woven fabric is comparatively lower than the
uni-axial stress.
Fabric breaking load is significantly affected by thread density () and weave
structure.
Breaking load increases with the increase of thread density ()
Bursting strength increases with the increment of thread density ().
With the increment of thread density (), puncture resistance is also increases.
As the thread density () increases fabric air permeability decreases. Plain
fabrics have the lowest air permeability.
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