REFRACTION ERROR

ALVINA ELSA BIDARI

Refraction
Light is a form of
electromagnetic radiation
composed of particle-like individual
packets of energy called photons
that travel in wavelike fashion.
The bending of a light ray is known
as refraction.
Visible light is a small portion of
the electromagnetic spectrum
with a wavelength range
Refracting
The eye is an optical instrument.
The correct interpretation of visual
information depends on the eye's
ability to focus incoming rays of light
on the retina.
Refractive Media

The two structures most important in the eyes

refractive ability are the cornea and the lens.
The cornea and lens refract light rays from distant
objects so the image is focused on the retina
Process of Refraction
Acomodation
Refraction Error (Ametropia)
A mismatch between the axial length
of the eye and the refractive power
of the lens and cornea
Ametropia axial (common)
Ametropia refractive (less frequent)
1. Myopia
A mismatch between the refractive
power and axial length of the eye
so an image converges in front of
retina
Myopic persons can see close objects
clearly, but not distant objects.
Type:
Miopia axial
Miopia refractive
What do they see?
Myopia
Degree :
Low myopia (<3.00 D)
Medium myopia (3.00 D-6.00 D)
High myopia (>6.00 D)
Myopia and Its Correction
2. Hyperopia
A mismatch between the refractive
power and axial length of the eye
so an image converges behind the
retina.
Types:
Axial hyperopia
Refractive hyperopia
What do they see?

Farsightedness Vision Normal Vision

Hyperopia
Degree
Low hyperopia consists of an error of
+2.00 diopters (D) or less.
Moderate hyperopia includes a range of
error from +2.25 to +5.00 D.
High hyperopia consists of an error over
+5.00 D.
Hyperopia and Its
Correction
3. Presbyiopi
Presbyopia inability of the eye to
focus (accommodate) due to
hardening of the crystalline lens with
age.
When the eye can no longer
accommodate at the reading
distance, positive spectacle lenses of
about 23 D are prescribed to
correct the difficulty.
Presbyopi
Once a person has a presbyopia,
each eye remains focused
permanently at an almost constant
distance which be differentof each
persons eyes.
The eyes can no longer
accommodate for both near and far
vision.
Correction of presbyopi
AGE Lensa (D)
40 +1
45 +1,5
50 +2
55 +2,5
60 +3
4. Astigmatism
In astigmatism the curvature of the
cornea is uneven, so light rays are
unequally refracted. The refractive
ability of a persons cornea remains
constant, because the curvature of
the cornea never changes.
Clasificattion and cause
According to the etiology:
External astigmatism
Internal astigmatism
According to the location of the meridian of greater
refraction:
With-the-rule astigmatism (most common form)
Against-the-rule astigmatism
Oblique astigmatism
According to the meridian involved:
Regular astigmatism
Irregular astigmatism
What do they see?
 Astigmatic errors can be corrected
with cylindrical lenses, frequently in
combination with spherical lenses.
Because the brain is capable of
adapting to the visual distortion of an
uncorrected astigmatic error, new
glasses that do correct the error may
cause temporary disorientation,
particularly an apparent slanting of
images.
OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW