PESTISIDA

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 What is a
pesticide?

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Pesticide Definition
Agricultural chemicals: Pesticides

pesticides are those chemical,

biological or physical agents used to kill,
control or repel unwanted animal or
plant pests.

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 BERDASAR HUKUM / PERATURAN :
Suatu substansi yang digunakan untuk
mengendalikan, mencegah, merusak, menolak atau
mengurangi organisme pengganggu

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 MENURUT THE U.S. FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PESTICIDE CONTROL ACT :

a. Semua zat/campuran zat yang khusus untuk mengendalikan,

mencegah atau menolak gangguan dari serangga, binatang
pengerat, nematoda, cendawan, gulma, virus, bakteri, jasad renik
yang dianggap hama kecuali virus, bakteri atau jasad renik yang
terdapat pada manusia dan binatang lainnya
b. Semua zat/campuran zat yang dimaksudkan untuk digunakan
sebagai pengatur pertumbuhan tanaman atau pengering tanaman

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 MENURUT P.P. NO. 7 TAHUN 1973 :

PESTISIDA adalah semua zat kimia atau bahan lain serta jasad renik
dan virus yang dipergunakan untuk :
1. Memberantas atau mencegah hama-hama dan penyakit-penyakit
yang merusak tanaman, bagian-bagian tanaman atau hasil-hasil
pertanian
2. Memberantas rerumputan
3. Mematikan daun dan mencegah pertumbuhan yang tidak
diinginkan
4. Mengatur dan merangsang pertumbuhan tanaman atau bagian-
bagian tanaman tidak termasuk pupuk

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 MENURUT P.P. NO. 7 TAHUN 1973 :

5. Memberantas atau mencegah hama-hama luar pada hewan-hewan

piaraan dan ternak
6. Memberantas atau mencegah hama-hama air
7. Memberantas atau mensegah binatang-binatang dan jasad renik
dalam rumah tangga, bangunan dan dalam alat-alat pengangkutan
8. Memberantas atau mencegah binatang-binatang yang dapat
menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia atau binatang yang perlu
dilindungi dengan penggunaan pada tanaman, tanah dan air

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Syarat pestisida
Membunuh dengan cepat (efektif dan efisien)
Tidak membahayakan binatang binatang ( bertulang belakang)
Mudah dan murah diperoleh dipasaran
Mengutungkan dalam pemakaian yang luas
Susunan kimia stabil
Selektif
Tidak mudah terbakar
Mudah disiapkan
Tidak merusak barang
Bersih
Tidak mengeluarkan bau yang tidak menyenangkan

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Benefits of pestisida
Control of vector-borne diseases
Increased agricultural productivity
Control of urban pests

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Major risk of pesticide

Environment contamination
- Pesticides might enter both food chains and natural water
systems
- Persistence in the environment and potential for
bioaccumulation

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Toxisitas pestisida
LD 50
Jumlah racun per unit berat badan yang dapat membunuh 50 %
populasi spesies binatang yang dipakai percobaan
LC 50

Konsetrasi racun dalam kondisi spesifik yang memnyebabkan

kematian 50 % populasi spesies hewan uji dalam suatu waktu
tertentu (untuk populasi perairan)
LT 50

Lamanya waktu yang diperlukan untuk membunuh 50% populais

hewan uji pada suatu dosis atau konsentrasi tertentu

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 How Insecticides Kill
Chemicals must kill insects while doing little or no damage to the
plant.

Stomach poisonsWork against insects that eat parts of the

plant.
Sprayed or dusted on the plant
As insect eats the plant, it is poisoned through the stomach.
Insects that chew food (caterpillars, grasshoppers, beetles)
are controlled by stomach poisons.
Example--Rotenone

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 How Insecticides Kill
Contact Poisonskill insects when they are hit by or come in
contact with the poison.
Any type of insect can be controlled this way.
Kill by upsetting the insects nervous system or breathing
system.
Example--malathion

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 How Insecticides Kill
Systemic poisonsenter the plant sap and move throughout the
entire plant.
When insect eats parts of plants or suck plant juice, chemical
is swallowed.
Effective with insects with chewing or sucking mouthparts.
Effective with insects that hide under leaves or underground.
Food cropsallow time for chemical to break down.
Example--Orthene

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 How Insecticides Kill
Fumigantscontact poisons applied in gaseous form.
Gases or fumes kill the insect after entering system through
breathing pores.
Insect must absorb the poison for this insecticide to be
effective.
Used to control soil-borne insects that damage roots.
ExampleTAME

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 How Insecticides Kill

Repellantsdo not kill insects, but drive them away before they
attack the plant.
Examplealuminum foil (repels flying insects)

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Penggolongan Berdasarkan
Sasaran

1. Insektisida
2. Herbisida
3. Fungisida
4. Akarisida/mitisida
5. Rodentisida

TABEL 1
MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Tabel 1. Klasifikasi pestisida, kegunaan, dan asal katanya

Kelas Pestisida Kegunaan Asal kata

Akarisida membunuh tungau Gr. akari, kutu, atau tungau

Algisida membunuh ganggang L. alga, ganggang

Avisida membunuh / menolak burung L. aves, burung

Bakterisida membunuh bakteri L. bacterium, Gr. baktro, renik

Fungisida membunuh jamur L. fungus, Gr. spongos, jamur

Herbisida membunuh gulma L. herba, tumbuhan semusim

Insektisida membunuh serangga L. insectum, berbuku

Larvisida membunuh larva L. lar, topeng atau hantu

Mitisida membunuh tungau sama dengan Akarisida
MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Lanjutan Tabel 1

Kelas Pestisida Kegunaan Asal kata*

Moluskisida membunuh bekicot L. molluscus, kerang lunak atau kerang

Nematisida membunuh nematoda L. nematoda, Gr. nema, benang

Ovisida membunuh telur L. ovum, telur

Pedikulisida membunuh kutu/caplak L. pedis, caplak

Piscisida membunuh ikan L. piscis, ikan

Predisida membunuh predator L. praeda, predator

Rodentisida membunuh roden L. rodere, mengerat

Silvisida mematikan pohon L. silva, hutan

Termitisida membunuh rayap L. termes, penggerek kayu
MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Klasifikasi pestisida

Berdasarkan stadium serangga

Ovisida (telur)
Lavarsida (larva)
Adultsida (dewasa)

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Other Classification Categories

USEPA Use Categories Use Category LD50 (mg/kg)

Category I 1.0
Category II 1.0< x 500
Category III 500 < x 15,000
Carcinogenicity Classification

Classification
Carcinogenic to Humans
Likely Carcinogenic to Humans
Suggestive of Carinogenicity
Inadequate Data
Not Likely Carcinogenic to Humans
MSU Extension
Pesticide Education

 Klasifikasi insektisida

Berdasarkan komposisi kimia

Insektisida anorganik
Insektisida organik
-Organik alami (botanical)
-Organik sintesis

chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide (CHI)

organophosporus insecticide (OPI)
Carbamat
Pyretroid sintetis

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Inorganic insecticide
Sangat beracun (umumnya racun perut)
Residu persisten
Menimbulkan resistensi (akibat pemakaian yang
terus menerus)
SO2 sbg fumigant, sangat beracun bagi manusia
Cooper sulfat: digunakan sebagai fungisida

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Botanical insecticide
Efek kurang terhadap binatang
berdarah panas
Nicotine: dari tembakau menyebabkan
paralyse dari susunan saraf insekta
Ektrak laos, daun nimba dan sereh
untuk membunuh tomcat

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Botanical Insecticides
Extracts from plants
Nicotine
Nicotine first used as
insecticide in 1763
Oral LD50: 83 mg/kg

Dermal LD50: 285 mg/kg

Respiratory toxicant

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Botanical Insecticides
Pyrethrins (6 acids and esters)
extracted from chrysanthemums
Low mammalian toxicity
Nonpersistent, degraded by heat/light

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS

The best know: DDT

Catch in membrane pore of nerve tissue
inhibition of nerve transfer.
Non-chemical effect.
Stereo chemically similar compounds: DDT effect
is observed

Non-polar solubility is negligible in water (this was thought)

Large amount of DDT has been sprayed.

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 EFFECT OF DDT ACCUMULATION
Increased DDT level increases the amount of cytochrome P-450 enzyme.
The non selective oxidizing enzyme oxidizes not only the DDT, but other
Important hormones e.g. estradiol (responsible of the calcium intake into
the egg shell.
?

low calcium content of egg shell: eggs break under penguin

fast degradable agent: biological accumulation has less opportunity

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Organophosphorus Insecticides

Phosphoric or thiophosphoric acid esters (OPs)

e.g., ethylparathion, chlorpyrifos, parathion, malathion, leptophos
Neurotoxicants
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, results in excess acetylcholine in
nerve tissue and effector organs
Generally low mammalian toxicity (carboxylesterases)
Delayed toxicity, organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy
(OPIDN)
Paralysis of distal muscles 7-10 days after ingestion
Relatively nonpersistent, susceptible to hydrolysis

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Organophosphorous Insecticides

Structure Name LD50 (mg/kg)

Ethyl Parathion 3 13
Diazinon 250 285

Chlorpyriphos > 3000

Malathion 1000 - 1375

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Carbamate Insecticides

Esters of N-methyl carbamic acid (H2NCOOH)

e.g., carbaryl, aldicarb, propoxur
Neurotoxicants
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Inhibition is rapidly reversed in comparison with OPs
High mammalian toxicity
Relatively nonpersistent, readily hydrolyzed

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Carbamate Insecticides

Structure Name LD50 (mg/kg)

Carbaryl (Sevin) 250 - 550

Propoxur (Baygon) 100

Aldicarb (Temik) ~1
MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Pyrethroid Insecticides

Designed from pyrethrin

structure for added
photostability
Two basic structures
Cyclopropane ring
cypermethrin
No cyclopropane ring
fenvalerate

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 CARBAMATES

Developed to substitute organophophates

Insecticide effect, less toxic to mammals, fast degradable agent

bacterial
decay

light

water

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 CARBAMATES

degradation of carbamates hydroxy naphthalenes

incorporation

into the humic

acid content of
the soil

STRUCTURE OF HUMIC ACID

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 PYRETHROIDS
Any of several synthetic compounds similar to pyrethrin, used as an insecticide.
Pyrethrin: multicomponent insecticid effect agent from powdered flower of Dalma flowers
(Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium)
Disadvantage: easy deagradation in visible light
Advantage: natural, household utilisation, non-toxic effect to mammals.

Synthetic pyrethroids: pyrethrin base compounds:

permethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin etc.

effect: long-term, slightly toxic to mammals, toxic to bees

and fishes
( 2.0 g/dm3, lethal effect on carp after 96 hours)

MSU Extension Permethrin

Pesticide Education
MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Herbicides
Used to control weeds, fairly specific
Widespread usage (half of pesticides)
Typically inhibit plant specific enzymes
Low mammalian, fish, insect, bird toxicities
Continual usage however leads to environmental
contamination

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Herbicides: Agent Orange
Combination of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T
Used during Vietnam War as defoliant
TCDD identified as a toxicological
contaminant in mixture
High mammalian toxicity (0.022 mg/kg)

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Fungicides
Used to prevent crop loss and health effects from
toxins released by fungi
e.g., chlorothalonil
relatively nontoxic
Dithiocarbamates
e.g., mancozeb
relatively nontoxic but hydrolyze to produce
carcinogens such as ethylenethiourea (ETU)

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Rodenticides
Used to prevent losses in grain and
other food storage facilities
Generally restricted use only
e.g., warfarin, an anticoagulant
lack of blood clotting leads to bleeding to death
(LD50: 3.0 mg/kg)

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Rodenticides: Others
Fluoroacetamide: supplied as bait
pellets or grains
LD50: 15 mg/kg, fast acting
ANTU (-naphthylthiourea)
Strychnine
Thallium salts

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Fumigants
Used to protect stored products (e.g., grains) and kill nematodes
Hazardous due to potential for inhalation exposure (restricted use only)
e.g., methyl bromide
LD50: 0.06 mg/L (inhalation, rat)
Effects include respiratory distress, cardiac arrest, and CNS effects
Pemakaian jarang disebabkan
- Mudah terbakar
- Daya reaksi tinggi (menimbulkan residu bau pada makanan
- Komposisi kimia kurang stabil (cepat terurai)
- Harga mahal

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 desiccant
Membunuh serangga dengan cara
menyerap cairan dan lemak tbuh
melalui exoskleton epicuticle
Kematian terjadi krn serangga
kehilangan cairan dengan segera
Jarang menimbulkan resistensi

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Repellents
Bahan penolak serangga
Syarat
- Memberi perlindungan selama beberapa jam
- Tidak beracun dan tidak menimbulkan iritasi kulit
- Tidak mengeluarkan bau tak sedap
- Tidak merusak pakaian dan barang lain
- Efektif thd hampir semua serangga
- Mudah didapt dg harga murah

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Formulasi pestisida
Pencampuran bahan aktif (active inggrideinet) dengan
bahan pembawa (inert carrier) = formulasi insektisida
Beberapa formulasi dapat digunakan langsung atau
dicampur dengan air/minyak
Terbagi 2
- Formulasi cair (liquid formulation)
- Formulasi kering (Dry formulation)

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Formulasi cair
Solution (larutan)
Aerosol

-non irritant, tidak ada residu berbahaya, tidak mudah

terbakar, tidak keracunana tuntuk pemberian
berulang, spektrum luas, mudah menyebar keseluruh
tubuh
Aturan aerosol meliputi
Formulasi, container: jenis, bentuk, isi, kecepatan
semprotan,ukuran partikel aerosol yang dihasilkan,
tidak mudah terbakar

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Formulasi cair
Liquid gases (gas yang dicairkan)
- Disemprotkan pada tekanan tertentu
- Dijumpai pada fumigant
- Dikemas dlm tabung
- Digunakan untuk:
Disemprotkan diruangan
Disuntikkkan dalam tanah
Disemprotkan pada tumpukan, gudang

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Formulasi Kering
Granula (granules)
- Partikel lebih besar dari debu
- Bahan aktif 2 - 40%

Wetable powder
- Sgt halus dan mudah larut dalam air
- Bahan aktif 15-65%

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Formulasi kering
Soluable powder
- Bentuk kering, digunakan dengan melarutkan dalam air
- Bahan aktif 50%
Umpan (Baits)
- Bentuk dapat dicerna/dimakan
- Bahan aktif 5%

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Pesticide safety
Check the recommended uses to be
certain it is correct for intended use
Have clean water and detergents
available to wash spills

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Pesticide safety
Wear protective clothing called for on
label including rubber chemical gloves
or respirator

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Pesticide safety
Use extra caution with concentrated
chemicals when mixing
Mix just enough for the job hand
Always wear protective gloves or
goggles

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Pesticide safety
Apply the chemical with care
Use only amount needed on the target
area
Consider weather conditions

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
 Pesticide safety
Guard against inhalation or ingestion
- Toxicity can occur by contact with
Skin (dermal)
Eyes (ocular)
Mouth (oral)
Breathing
Store and dispose of chemicals properly

MSU Extension
Pesticide Education
MSU Extension
Pesticide Education