Evolution of contemporary

diplomacy
 A brief evolution of CD
Permanent residents, 15-17 cnt.

Diplomatic structure (embassies, MFA),

17-18 cnt.

Old diplomacy and its congress system,

19 cnt.

Global Diplomacy, 20 cnt.

Open Multilateral Diplomacy, 20-21 cnt

 The beginnings of the Contemporary
Diplomacy are to send a permanent
ambassador during the peaceful times.
I) 15-17th centuries:
The contemporary diplomacy was started in Northern
Italy during the fifteenth century and spread to the
rest of northern and western Europe in the following
hundred years.>>
WHY?
The system of cities as independent states Venice,
Milan, Florence, Naples;
The strongest trade ties;
ultural development was higher than in the rest
European states;
The threat of war from France
 The Sources of the Contemporary Diplomacy.
I) 15-17th centuries:
Italians introduced one of the modern methods of
diplomacy is the resident (permanent)
ambassador:
representative of a man sent him>> fragmentation
phenomenon
secretary was available;
Salary was absent >> rich + elite family roots
Embassies were not available
Security was not provided till 18th century
Three types of ambassadors: Special envoy, ad hoc,
resident
 I) 15-17th
Some specific characteristics of the 15-18th diplomacy
transferred to todays diplomacy:
The duties of ambassadors to get domestic info.
and transfer it to the native state through diplomatic
reports;
Secrecy
Central and provincial diplomacies (Europe is center,
Poland (Rzeczpospolita), Russia, Turkey and
Muslims were defined as a province)
Idea of the symbolism to demonstrate something
(influence, money)>>
Ceremony (a mode of behavior) became todays
protocol: is to demonstrate the definite intentions of a
boss (a city, church, state) >>
 I) 15-17th

Precedence in diplomatic protocol was and is

a priority smb.over smb.
for ambassadors in a country, precedence is
determined by the order in which they presented their
credentials to the host government.
who is more influential in diplomatic corps? A
Russian diplomat or English diplomat??? >>
doyen, dean
A struggle between diplomats >> an idea of
equality was likely to be articulated at the end of
30 years war, 1648
 The Sources of the Contemporary Diplomacy
II) 17-18th centuries
Permanent diplomatic embassies
New development of the diplomatic net:
Europe, Poland, Russia and Ottoman
Empire >>
The development of Ministries (Department,
Offices and etc) of Foreign Affairs in
Europe:
France in the 17th: State secretary;
archives; regional departments;
Russia College of Foreign Ministry from
1620es: regional divisions, domestic issues
 II) 17-18th centuries
Development of diplomatic theory:
France the source of negotiations by
Testament Politique by Richelieu, 1638 +
How to negotiate with kings by F. Callier,
1740s
Idea of negotiations as a basis for diplomacy
Training of diplomats: practice as attaches;
1712-Political Academy
 The Sources of the Contemporary Diplomacy
III)
Old diplomacy and its congress system, 1815-1914
Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, France, Russia-
Admitted equality instead of precedence among
themselves after wars 1757-1763, 1801-1815
Vienna congress, Oct. 1814-June 1815
Meetings (planned, private) to prevent the wars,
revolutions and so on in the peacetime.
The central powers singed an agreement that
....they was going to live and act in Europe in
accord or harmony...
European concert a planned summits,
conference to implement international relations in
Europe
Holly Alliance as a mechanism of army
interventions to prevent revolutions = UN
peacekeeping operations???
Congress system is private ties among kings and
officials: Alexander I, Metternich, Castlereagh
Alexander I and Metternich
Holly Alliance
 III)
congress system
It produced:
1) New development of diplomatic structures:
-1802- Ministry of Foreign Affairs with career diplomats
-1819 German foreign service on Wilhemstrasse with
career diplomats
1853 French Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Quai dOrsay
building with strong patronage system
1854 British Foreign Service with strong patronage
system
2) First diplomatic law (Vienna convention, 1815)
-rank of diplomats (ambassador, envoy, minister, agents
and chargers daffairs)
 III)
congress system
3) functions of diplomats will be
transferred in Diplomatic Law, 1961, 1963
to cultivate friendly relations
to negotiate on daily questions;
to clear the intentions of powers
to accumulate information
to give policy advise
Old diplomacy and beginnings of the global diplomacy
IV) 19-20th centuries
Global diplomacy:
Japan (1867, 1905) and US (1898) became
engaged in European relations +
European states arranged diplomatic missions in
Africa and Asia and clash of cultures
Commercial consuls are to promote the trade
interests:
1880 Great Britain;
Otto Von Bismarck and tariffs war with Russia
1880es;
Military attaches are to provide a native
government with data concerning the developments
in arms
The number of military attaches is an index of pre-
war situation and tension
 IV) 19-20th centuries: circulation of Mass-media
and the end of the Old Diplomacy

Public opinion was defined by diplomats as the

influential tool of politics
Press-services + analyzing public opinion
abroad within the MFA:
French MFA created the first Press-service in
1886;
Russian MFA analyzed much more than
others foreign mass media
Bribes for journalists
The first published diplomatic documents
The first interview of diplomats by journalists
only in the end of 19th cnt.
IV) how the traditional diplomacy was undermined:
Soviet Russia, Germany, United States
1) Lenin opened for public all MFA archives
Compilation of Secret Documents from the Archive of the former
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (Editor -Nikolai Markin)
2) Germany:
Berliner Tageblatter, since January 1918.
Grosse Politik - contained diplomatic correspondence between
the German and other European states relative to the
beginning of the First World War.
These actions can be compared with the doings of Wikileaks -
The public saw its absence in high politics
 IV) how the traditional diplomacy was undermined:
Soviet Russia, Germany, United States

3) W. Wilsons the 14 Points articulated by him on the

Paris Peace Conference:
Open conferences, after which there shall no private
international understanding of any kind but diplomacy
shall proceed always frankly and in the public view

These ideas were determined not only by Wilsons idealism and

by new aims of American global diplomacy but also by the
disclosures happened in Europe
 NEW diplomacy came as an Open Diplomacy
(International Organizations implied participation a
public)
League of Nations (1919-1946):
The aim of creation was to solve the conflicts
by peaceful tools
The main misfortune was .... To solve
conflicts by peacefully, if conflicting sides
submit jointly a request for resolving a
conflict...
 NEW diplomacy
Efficiency of League of Nation on diplomacy:
A precedent of multilateral diplomacy >> UN
Openness of diplomacy
International Arbitration, Tribunal and Mediation are
the tools of diplomacy
Frequent Conferences, summits became a diplomatic
tools to react rapidly on a conflicts >>
Preventive diplomacy and collective security
diplomacy a system of alliances to prevent the
aggressive intentions of actors
However >>
League of Nations created a deviant diplomacy as a
tool not implement agreements and promises:
Hitler and European countries before the 2 WW
 United Nations: new diplomacy?
1945 establishment based on the ideas

of necessity to apply a super power by the

combined forces to keep the peace.

Cooperation (that means common interests)

through collective actions

Force of powerful states (UN Security Council)

and diplomacy will lead to peace >>
Charter VI Pacific settlement of disputes and
Charter VII
Actions with respects of Threats implies the
application of armed force for self-defense and
international enforcement action
New diplomacy: what kinds of methods were created for
today

Mediation is a methods to stop a conflict on the

different stages (US as a mediator in Israel-Palestine
conflict) through pressure, talks, sanctions
Preventive diplomacy is to find a compromise in the
period of pre-conflict situation
Collective security diplomacy a system of
alliances to prevent the aggressive intentions of
actors (Hitler and Europe, Iran and world) >>
Peacekeeping operations as the next step in today
diplomacy
 Opinion (often) MD and UN are
destabilizing the world, because
1) the states do not try to resolve a
conflict themselves
2)UN is used by powerful states to
promote their resolutions
3) Mediators, observation missions are
only harmful, because they contribute to
maintain the rival positions by the
conflicting sides
Old and NEW diplomacy: what kind of diplomatic methods
did they create?
-permanent resident (ambassador) as a
bilateral diplomacy
-negotiations, system of congresses
- multilateral diplomacy as a tool to
prevent, to mediate
- Idea about collective security became
the main strategy of contemporary
alliances
 Reading materials:
how to find

http://ushistory.ru/diplomacy/diplomacy.zip

Download the files

 homework
Read files # 1, 2, 3, 4 (the only big load
for you)
These files are chapters from: Hamilton
K., and Langhorne Richard. The Practice
of Diplomacy. London, N.Y., 1995
Test (four questions) will be
2 of October