INTRODUCTION TO

COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
 In this lecture..
Communication introduction &
timeline
Elements
Types
Mobile Communications
Systems
 Communication Systems
History of Communications:
1450 Johannes Gutenberg builds the movable
printing press.
1826 Joseph Niepce produced the wrolds first
permanent photographic image.
1876-Alexander Graham Bell introduced
telephone.
1877 Thomas Edison patents the phonograph.
1895 Guglielmo Marconi develops the wireless
telegraph
1925 John Logie Baird transmits the first
television signal.
1954 The transister radio or tubeless radios
become available in the USA
1990 The world wide web is created in Europe.
Its chief architect is Tim Berners-Lee.
 Human Communication
Methods of communication:
1.Face to face
2.Signals
3.Written word (letters)
4.Electrical innovations:
Telegraph
Telephone
Radio
Television
Internet (computer)
 Basic components:

Transmitter
Channel or medium
Receiver

Noise degrades or interferes with

transmitted information.
 Communication Systems
Communication is the ability to
send and receive messages.
People to people
People to machine
Machine to people
Machine to machine
 Communication Systems
Messages are intended to:
Inform news papers, TV news casts
Educate texts, video, DVDs, internet.
Persuade - advertising
Control machines and tools such as
Computer Numeric Control: A type of
programmable control system, directed by
mathematical data, which uses
microcomputers to carry out various
machining operations; such as a mill or
lathe.
 Communication Systems
All communication systems include a
message, a sender, a communication
channel, and a receiver.
A communication channel is the
path over which a message must
travel to get from the sender to the
receiver.
Communication Systems
Communication Systems

A general model of all communication systems

Transfer of information from one place to another is
termed as Communication.

This should be done

- as efficiently as possible
- with as much fidelity/reliability as possible
- as securely as possible

Communication System: Components/subsystems

act together to accomplish information
transfer/exchange.
 Elements of a Communication System

Input Output
message message

Input Output
Transducer Transducer
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Input Transducer: The message produced by a source must be
converted by a transducer to a form suitable for the particular
type of communication system.
Example: In electrical communications, speech waves are
converted by a microphone to voltage variation.

Transmitter: The transmitter is a collection of electronic

components and circuits that converts the electrical
signal into a signal suitable for transmission over a given
medium.

Transmitters are made up of

oscillators,
amplifiers,
tuned circuits and filters,
modulators,
frequency mixers,
frequency synthesizers, and other circuits.
Channel: The channel can have different forms:
atmosphere (or free space),
coaxial cable,
fiber optic,
waveguide, etc.
System-specific media (e.g., water is the medium for sonar).

The signal undergoes some amount of degradation from noise,

interference and distortion

Receiver: The receivers function is

To extract the desired signal from the received signal at the channel output
and
to convert it to a form suitable for the output transducer.
Other functions performed by the receiver:
amplification (the received signal may be extremely weak),
demodulation and
filtering.

Output Transducer: Converts the electric signal at its input into

the form desired by the system user.
Example: Loudspeaker, personal computer (PC), tape recorders.
* Transceivers
A transceiver is an electronic unit that
incorporates circuits that both send and
receive signals.
Examples are:
Telephones
Fax machines
Handheld CB radios
Cell phones
Computer modems
 Degradation causes
Attenuation
Signal attenuation, or degradation, exists
in all media of transmission. It is
proportional to the square of the distance
between the transmitter and receiver.
Noise
Noise is random, undesirable electronic
energy that enters the communication
system via the communicating medium
and interferes with the transmitted
message.
 Types of Electronic
Communication
Electronic communications are
classified according to whether they
are
1. One-way or two-way transmissions
2. Analog or digital signals.
3. Wired or wireless
Simplex
The simplest method of electronic
communication is referred to as
simplex.
This type of communication is one-way.
Examples are:
Radio
TV broadcasting
Beeper (personal receiver)
Full Duplex
Most electronic communication is two-
way and is referred to as duplex.
When people can talk and listen
simultaneously, it is called full duplex.
The telephone is an example of this type
of communication.
Half Duplex
The form of two-way communication in
which only one party transmits at a time
is known as half duplex. Examples are:
Police, military, etc. radio transmissions
Family radio
Amateur radio
 Analog signal transmission
Signal is analog
Modulation techniques are analog
AM, FM, PM

Digital signal transmission

Signal is digital
Modulation techniques are digital
ASK, FSK, PSK
 Wired
Cables
Fiber optics
Wireless
Complete mobility
Limited mobility
Wired & wireless mixed
Satellite communication
 Wireless Communication:
To be transmitted, Information (Data)
must be transformed to electromagnetic
signals.