Mekanika Tanah Lanjut

ADVANCED SOIL MECHANICS

MTS UR (SIPG202)

Dosen Mata Kuliah:

1.Dr.-Ing. Syawal Satibi, MSc.
2.Ir. Soewignjo Agus Nugroho, MT.
 MEKANIKA TANAH LANJUT

Topik Kuliah
1. Review Mekanika Tanah Dasar
2. Kuat Geser Tanah
3. Kuat Geser Tanah Triaxial
4. Aliran air dalam tanah,
5. Aliran Air Tanah Dalam Multi Dimensi
6. Kekakuan tanah,
7. PDE Konsolidasi tanah.
8. Riwayat pembebanan atau tegangan tanah
(stress path).
9. Kompaksi dan CBR
 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SOILS
1. Lecture

The origin of soils and a first classification

Part 1 : Cycle of geology

- residual soils
- erosion and sedimentation
- sedimentary soils
- lithification
Part 2 : Classification based on grain size
Part 3 : Porosity and density
Part 4 : Questions and Exercises
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
The crust of the earth consists of soil and rock

an
an

e
ce

Oc
explosive volcanoes and

O
earthquake centres

ific
tic
n

c
la

Pa
At
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Residual soil and sedimentary soil

Residual soil
(thin layer)

Sedimentary soil

Rock
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Thin layer of residual soil on top of rock

soil
transitional
zone

rock
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Residual soil by weathering of rocks

residual soil residual soil

igneous rock sedimentary rock

The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Frequency of Rock Types
A. Crust B. Surface

Sedimentary rock
5%

Igneous rock
25%

Igneous rock Sedimentary rock

95% 75%

Relative amounts of sedimentary and igneous rock. Metamorphic rocks are considered to be either
sedimentary or igneous, depending on the origin.
A. The great bulk of the crust consists of igneous rock (95%), but sedimentary rock (5%) forms
a thin covering at and near the surface.
B. The extent of sedimentary rock cropping out at the surface is much larger than that of
igneous rock, so 75% of all rock seen at the surface is sedimentary and only 25% is igneous.
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Rock weathering: chemical, physical or a combination of both
Physical weathering:
* Temperature changes and tectonic energy generates cracks in rocks. In the cracks, plants start growing

or ice crystals form forcing the cracks to open up further.

* Water flow energy of a river

Chemical weathering:
* Chemical processes accelerate the physical weathering; in particular under hot and wet conditions.
The weathering is further increased by vegetation.
* Formation of clay minerals from other silicates
Temperate weathering produces illite (clay minerals) as the dominant product
Hot weathering of igneous rocks produces the unstable smectite (clay minerals)

Depth of weathering:
* Depends on the timescale, rock type and climate. Rocks only exposed for 10,000 years (since last
glaciation) are less deeply weathered than those exposed for a million years in unglaciated areas.
* Weaker rocks weather deeper than harder rocks.
* Deepest weathering occurs under climatic extremes, of either periglacial frost or beneath equatorial rain
forest.
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Erosion = weathering + transport

soft
hard
soft rock
hard rock
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Soil transport
Water is far the most important agent of soil transport. Rivers move the majority of soil on
land. Coarser debris is rolled along the river beds; finer particles are carried in suspension.
Waters ability to transport soil depends on its velocity larger particles can only be moved by
faster flows. Soil is therefore sorted during water transport.

Soil is also moved in the sea, mainly in coastal waters where wave action reaches the shallow
sea bed. Other transport processes have only limited scope:
Gravity alone works mainly on the steeper slopes, producing landslides and colluvium.
Wind moves only fine dry particles.
Ice transport is powerful, but restricted by climate.
Volcanoes may blast debris over limited distances.

Some minerals are transported by solution in water.

Organic sediment is rarely carried far from its source.

The land is essentially the erosional environment; it is the source of sediment,

which forms the temporary soils before being transported away.
The sea is essentially the depositional environment; sediment is buried beneath
subsequent layers, and eventually forms most of the sedimentary rocks.
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Erosion

Tropic of Can
cer

Equator

ric orn
Tropic of Cap

Erosion by water in tons per km2 per year

less than 10
10 - 50 100 - 240 mountain range
50 - 100 240 or more arid area with wind erosion
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Sedimentation regions
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Sedimentation gives sorting based on grain size

- clay
- silt
- sand
- gravel

Coarse gravel is rolled along the river bed by fast flow.

Sand is transported by medium fast flow.
Fine silt and clay are transported in suspension.
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
The clay structure: flaky structure

The finest soil is referred to as clay.

As seen through a raster electronic microscope

The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Granular structure
silt
sand
gravel

The coarsest soil is referred to as gravel.

The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology

Erosion + Transport
residual soil

weathering sedimentation (with sorting)

rock

sedimentary soil

lithification

rock
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Lithification or diagenesis

main soil types

gravel sand silt clay

sedimentary rock

conglomerate sandstone siltstone claystone

The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Three main processes of lithification

Compaction:
Compaction is the first and basic diagenetic change through which the soil
particles are pressed together and the pore water is squeezed out of the
pores. Compaction is the dominant process in clays.

Cementation:
The filling of the pores by deposition of a mineral cement brought in by
circulating ground water. Calciumcarbonate is a possible cement. Silicate is
a remarkably strong cement. Cementation is the dominant process in sands.

Recrystallization:
Small scale solution and deposition of mineral, so that some grains become
smaller and some become bigger. It can also include change of state and
growth of new and more stable minerals. Recrystallization is the dominant
process in limestones.
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Compaction of peat into brown coal (lignite) and coal
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Compaction of clay into claystone
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Cementation of sand particles gives sandstone
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Sandstone in Yuma, Arizona
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Recrystallization of calcareous material may give limestone
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Recrystallization of calcareous material may give chalk
The origin of soils Part 1: Cycle of geology
Lithification and Metamorphism

Lithification Metamorphism

Soil Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock

Clay Claystone Slate/ Schist Gneiss

Quartz sand Sandstone Quartzite

Calcareous soil Limestone Marble

The origin of soils Part 2: Classification based on grain size

clay silty clay

clayey silt
fine grained soil
pure silt
or
silt
cohesive soil
sandy silt

silty sand
sand pure sand
coarse grained soil
gravelly sand
or
sandy gravel
non-cohesive soil
gravel pure gravel
stony gravel
The origin of soils Part 2: Classification based on grain size
Main soil types
Gravel Silt

d
d

2 mm < d < 60 mm 0.002 mm < d < 0.06 mm

Sand Clay
d
d

0.06 mm < d < 2.0 mm d < 0.002 mm

The origin of soils Part 2: Classification based on grain size
Grain size distribution from sieving

mesh size sieves sieve residue

mass
G
D
d C
G coarse A B
E
F G

F d A d B dC dD d E d F d G

d particle diameter [ mm]

F

Cumulative mass passing - %

E

dE cumulative curve
D G
F
dD
E
C

dC D

B
C
dB
B
A
A d A d B dC dD d E d F d G
dA fine
particle diameter [ mm]
The origin of soils Part 2: Classification based on grain size
Examples of particle size distribution curves

silt sand gravel

100

% finer
silty sand

sand sandy
gravel

0
0 0.002 0.06 2 60
d [mm]
The origin of soils Part 2: Classification based on grain size
Classification according to German norm (DIN 18196)

The norm is well explained by the following examples:

sand: sand 100 %

silty sand: sand > 40 % , silt < 40%

silty gravelly sand: sand > 40 % , silt < 40 % , gravel < 40 %

sand gravel mixture: sand > 40 % , gravel > 40 %

similarly: clayey silt, sandy silt, sandy gravel, etc.

Slightly different definitions are used in the USA and Great Britain.
The origin of soils Part 2: Classification based on grain size
Poorly graded and well graded soils
0.035
S: poorly graded silt U 2 .7
0.015

0.21 S

% fine
G: well graded glacial soil U 23
0.009

d60
U coefficien t of uniformity
d10

grain size ( mm )
The grain sizes d60 and d10, corresponding to 60 and 10
% respectively of the cumulative soil masses, can be
read from the cumulative curve.

For poorly graded soils: coefficient of uniformity U < 5

For well graded soils: coefficient of uniformity U > 5

Optimum sand gravel mixture for concrete: U = 36

The origin of soils Part 3: Classification
The origin of soils Part 3: Porosity and Density

Grading influences porosity

poorly graded
high porosity

well graded
low porosity
The origin of soils Part 3: Classification
The origin of soils Part 3: Classification
The origin of soils Part 3: Classification
The origin of soils Part 3: Classification
 USCS
Classification
USCS Classification
AASHTOClassification
The origin of soils Part 3: Porosity and Density
The origin of soils Part 3: Porosity and Density
Ideal arrangements of uniform spheres

volume of pores
Porosity : n
volume of pores and grains

nmax 48% 50% nmin 26% 25%

The origin of soils Part 3: Porosity and Density
Porosity n

pore volume
Porosity n
total volume

uniform sand / gravel n 0.25 0.5

loose clay up to 0.75

Pores can be partly or fully filled with water.

The origin of soils Part 3: Porosity and Density
Particle density, dry density and saturated density
soil particle density s = mass of grains / volume of grains

generally s = 2.67 g/cm = 2670 kg/m

dry density of the soil d = (1 n) s

uniform sand / gravel d = (1/2 to 3/4) s = 1335 2000 kg/m

Clay / silt d above 1/4 s

saturated soil density sat = d + n w

uniform sand / gravel sat = 1835 to 2250 kg/m

clay / silt sat above 1400 kg/m

frequent values n = 0.4

d = 1600 kg/m
sat = 2000 kg/m
The origin of soils Part 3: Porosity and Density
From density to unit weight

Symbol for density is ! (e.g. kg / m3 )

Symbol for unit weight is ! (e.g. kN / m3 )

g acceleration of gravity 9.81 [m / s 2] 10 [m / s2 ]

The origin of soils Part 3: Soil Index properties
The origin of soils Part 3: Soil Index properties
The origin of soils Part 3: Soil Index properties
The origin of soils Part 3: Soil Index properties
The origin of soils Part 4: Questions and Exercises

Question 1.1
Soils are classified based on the grain size. The classified soils are named according to
well defined grain size ranges. Which of the following grain size ranges describes sand?
- 2.000 to 60.00 mm - 1.00 to 10.00 mm
- 0.002 to 0.06 mm - 0.06 to 2.00 mm
Question 1.2
Please choose the grain size range for silt.
- 0.001 to 0.10 mm - 0.06 to 2.00 mm
- 0.002 to 0.06 mm - 0.02 to 2.00 mm
Question 1.3
Which of the following soil pairs is not coarse grained?
- cobbles and boulders - gravel and cobbles
- clay and silt - gravel and sand
Question 1.4
How are the soils with grain size < 0.002 mm named?
- clay - silt - mud - peat
The origin of soils Part 4: Questions and Exercises

Question 1.5
The figure below shows grain size distribution curves for 5 different soils. Curve A
describes:
- well graded gravelly sand - sandy silt
- poorly graded sand - poorly graded sand with cobbles

percent finer by weight

clay silt sand gravel cobbles

(logarithmic) grain size

Question 1.6
The figure in question 1.5 shows grain size distributions for 5 different soils. Curve B
describes:
- well graded gravelly silty sand - silty clay
- poorly graded sand with cobbles - poorly sorted sand
The origin of soils Part 4: Questions and Exercises

Question 1.7

percent finer by weight

Curve E describes:

- clayey silt
- silty clay
- sandy silt
- clay
clay silt sand gravel cobbles
(logarithmic) grain size
Question 1.8
Please complete the diagram and plot the curve of:

- poorly graded sand

- well graded gravely sand
- well graded silty clay
- sand-gravel mixture
The origin of soils Part 4: Questions and Exercises

Question 1.9
Soils are described as 3-phase models because they are composed Air
of three substances: solid, water and air. The total volume of water
and air is called: Water
- capillary volume - porosity
- void ratio - pore volume
Solid

Question 1.10
What is the symbol for particle density?
- w -g - s - Gs

Question 1.11
The porosity n is defined as: n = pore volume/???
- solid mass - solid volume
- water volume - total volume
The origin of soils Part 4: Questions and Exercises

Question 1.12
An empty tank has a mass of 5220 g and a volume of 945 ml. When completely
filled with saturated soil, it weights 7230 g. What is the saturated density of this soil?
What is the unit saturated weight of this soil?

Question 1.13
A cylindrical tank with a volume of 2500 ml and a mass of 1200 g is completely filled
with a dry soil. Now the total mass is 5781 g. Then water is added until the soil is
completely saturated. Now the total mass is 6645 g. Calculate the porosity (n) and
the unit soil particle weight (
s ) of the soil.