By: Eng. Ghada Khaled 1) The proper order of the water treatment methods should be as Coagulation then flocculation then settling.please explain? Before settling there is two chemical reactions coagulation and flocculation In coagulation we add a coagulant to convert the stable particles to destable particles In flocculation we add flocculent to agglomerate particles together then we settle them
stable particle+ coagulant destable
particle destable particle+ flocculent flocs 2) Mention the factor effect on removal particle efficiency in flocculation process Removal efficiency of particles is now dependents on both: -Particle size -Flocculating properties In terms of operational parameters, the removal efficiency is dependent upon -Overflow or surface loading rate -Depth 3) Explain the column test methods for determine the removal clarification process. Column Test Flocculent Particle Settling 1. Column at least 300 mm dia. to reduce wall effects. 2. Column is the full depth of the settling basin. 3. Sampling ports distributed over the full depth. 4. Fill from the bottom with a uniformly mixed suspension. 5. Draw samples from ports at specified time intervals. 4) For the following equation explain the cases when: Xij = 100 (1-cij/co) i. Xij = zero At Cij =Co when the concentration of the particle in feed water equals the concentration of the particle at certain time ti. ii. Xij = max. At Cij <<<<< Co when the concentration of the particle at certain time ti is very small compared by the concentration of the particle in feed water . iii. Xij = 50 % At Cij=0.5 Co when the concentration of the particle at certain time ti is the half of the concentration of the particle in feed water . 5) What are the properties of granules filtration medium? Granular media is commonly sand Other granular materials used are anthracite, crushed quartz, garnet Granules filteration medium must be : Very crystalline Can sustain water hammering Slow sand filters Rapid Sand Filters First filters used for Much higher loading rate 100 treatment of public water L/min /m2. Two criteria for termination of a supplies. filter run Low loading rate excessive headloss (2 to 5 L/min /m2). solids penetration through the Most of the solids are filter removed by straining at the At the end of the filter run the filter is taken off-line and the bed media surface and in material is clogged interstitial spaces in backwashed the upper layers of the sand clean water is pumped back bed. through the bed to dislodge Filter capacity is restored trapped solids additional cleansing of the filter by removing media and media by abrasion of particles on replacing it. each other wash water is collected in troughs for removal and