Sensory Systems

AYUNI ANGGRAENI 1302101030

SITI NAILATUL FARKHAH 130210103035
NOVI CAHYA 1302101030
ANGGUN RIFKA 1302101030
Sensory Systems
Vision (Eye)
Hearing & Equilibrium
Taste
Smell
Somatic Senses
Eye
The most important
sensory organ because
90% of the information
about the environment
reaches the brain from the
eyes
Movement of the eye is
controlled by the extrinsic
muscles
Only one fifth of the eye is
actually exposed to the
environment
Accommodatio
n Focusing the eye to

see close objects
Lens is thin when
stretched by
suspensory
ligaments (low
power)
When round ciliary
muscle contracts,
tension is released
from lens and it
becomes thicker
(higher power lens).
Retinal Pigmented ->
melanin prevent the
light reflection from the
eye ball curve that use
to clear seeing.
Rods:
Can see in dim light
See in black and white
Respond to movement
Found more in periphery

Cones
Require more light
See in color
Give best acuity
More central, esp. in fovea
central
Seeing
The Ear: Hearing and
Equilibrium
Auditory or acoustic sense

(hearing) is the primary
function of the ear
Helps maintain
equilibrium
Composed of three main
regions
Outer ear functions in
hearing
Middle ear functions
in hearing
Inner ear functions in
both hearing and
equilibrium
Anatomy of the Outer
Ear

Auricle (pinna) - helps

direct sounds
External acoustic meatus
Lined with skin
Contains hairs,
sebaceous glands, and
ceruminous glands
Tympanic membrane
Forms the boundary
between the
external and middle
ear
Anatomy of the
Middle Ear
The tympanic
cavity
A small, air-
filled space
Located within
the petrous
portion of the
temporal bone
Medial wall is
penetrated by
Oval window
Round window
Pharyngotympanic
tube (auditory or
eustachian tube) -
 Ear ossicles
smallest
bones in the
body
Malleus
attaches to
the
eardrum
Incus
between
the malleus
and stapes
Stapes
vibrates
against the
oval
Anatomy of the
Inner Ear

Inner ear also

called the labyrinth
Bony labyrinth a
cavity consisting of
three parts
Semicircular
canals
Vestibule
Cochlea
Bony labyrinth
is filled with
perilymph
 The Membranous
Labyrinth

Membranous labyrinth -
series of membrane-
walled sacs and ducts
Fit within the bony
labyrinth
Consists of three main
parts
Semicircular ducts
Utricle and saccule
Cochlear duct
Filled with a clear fluid
endolymph
Hearin
g
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
(balance)

Static equilibrium Kinetic equilibrium

Associated with the Associated with the

vestibule and is involved semilunar canals and is
in evaluating the involved in evaluating the
position of head relative change in rate of head
to gravity movement
Nose

Olfactory sense originates in olfactory receptor cells in the nose

that immediately transmit impulses to the brain through the
olfactory cranial nerves
Nasal cavity is divided into two sections by the septum
Olfactory receptor neurons are stimulated by chemicals (gases)
in the air
Smells can reduce stress, affect blood pressure, recall memories,
and aid in the sense of taste
NOSE
Smell (Olfaction)
Olfactory epithelium with olfactory receptors, supporting cells, basal
cells
Olfactory receptors are modified neurons
Surfaces are coated with secretions from olfactory glands
Olfactory reception involves detecting dissolved chemicals as they
interact with odorant binding proteins
Olfactory Receptors
Bipolar sensory neurons located within olfactory epithelium
Dendrite projects into nasal cavity, terminates in cilia
Axon projects directly up into olfactory bulb of cerebrum
Olfactory bulb projects to olfactory cortex, hippocampus, and
amygdaloid nuclei
 Taste Tongue
Taste, or the gustatory sense, is
perceived by specialized cells
located in papillae on the tongue
called taste buds
Flavor is identified by smell as well
as taste
Taste receptors
Occur in taste buds
Most are found on the
surface of the tongue
Located within tongue
papillae
3 types of papillae (with taste
buds)
Filiformis papillae
Fungiform papillae
Taste Buds

Collection of 50 100
epithelial cells
Contain three major cell
types (similar in all special
senses)
Supporting cells
Gustatory cells
Basal cells
Contain long microvilli
extend through a taste pore
 Gustatory
Pathway from
Taste Buds
Taste information reaches the
cerebral cortex
Primarily through the facial
(VII) and glossopharyngeal
(IX) nerves
Some taste information
through the vagus nerve (X)
Sensory neurons synapse in
the medulla
Located in the solitary
nucleus
Disorder
s of the
Sensory
System
 Ear infections are the most
common illness in infants and
young children.

Ruptured eardrum
Results from infection, an
explosion, a blow to the
head, or a sharp object
inserted into the ear
 Deaf is a
medical
condition
characterize
d by inability
part or all to
hear sounds
good on one
or both ears .
 Rhinitis
Inflammation of the lining of
the nose caused by allergic
reaction, viral infection,
sinusitis, or chemical
irritants
Sinusitis
A chronic or acute
inflammation of the
cranium
Glossodinia is a Glossitis is an
burning sensation or inflammation of the
feeling pain in the tongue (redness,
tongue swelling and pain
Cancer of tongue
Candidiasis
an open wound on the tongue can be caused by
herpes simplex virus, tuberculosis, bacterial
infections or early-stage syphilis
 Desease of
skin
Impetigo
 Wart
 Skin Fungus