WELCOME

MEGA - 2015
(Mathematical Excellence Gears Advancement-2015)
SRI SARADA NIKETAN COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
Amaravathipudur, Karaikudi -630301 .
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

State Level Workshop

Abstract Algebra and its Applications
28th August , 2015.
Presentation on
Abstract Algebra and its Applications

Presented by
Dr.S.SelvaRani, Principal
Sri Sarada Niketan College For Women
Amaravathipudur

Venue : Nivedita Hall

Sri Sarada Niketan College for Women,

Date : 28th August , 2015

 Abstract Algebra & its
Applications.
Abstract Algebra is the study of
algebraic structures.
The termabstract algebrawas coined in the early

20th century to distinguish this area of study from

the the parts of algebra.
Solving of systems of linear equations, which led

tolinear algebra
Linear algebrais the branch

ofmathematicsconcerningvector spacesand
linear
mappingsbetween such spaces.
Solving of systems of linear equations, which led
tolinear algebra
Attempts to find formulae for solutions of
generalpolynomialequations of higher degree that

resulted in discovery of groupsas abstract

manifestations ofsymmetry
Arithmetical investigations of quadratic and higher
degree forms that directly
produced the notions of aringandideal.
 Algebraic structures
Algebraic structures
include
groups,
rings
fields
modules,
vector spaces,lattices and

algebra over a field

 Early Group Theory
Leonhard Euler -- algebraic operationson
numbers--generalizationofFermat's little
theorem
Friedric Gauss - cyclic&generalabeliangroups
In 1870,Leopold Kronecker- abelian group-
particularly, permutation groups.
Heinrich M. Webergave a similar definition that
involved thecancellation property.
Lagrange resolvants by Lagrange.
The remarkable Mathematicians are
..Kronecker,Vandermonde,Galois,Augustin Cauchy ,
Cayley-1854-.Group may consists of Matrices.

 MODERN ALGEBRA
The end of the 19th and the beginning of the
20th century saw a tremendous shift in the
methodology of mathematics.
Abstract algebra emerged around the start of the

20th century, under the namemodern algebra.

Its study was part of the drive for more

intellectual rigorin mathematics.

Initially, the assumptions in classicalalgebra, on

which the whole of mathematics (and major parts

of thenatural sciences) depend, took the form of
axiomatic systems.
 Leopold KroneckerandRichard Dedekind, who
had considered ideals in commutative rings, and
ofGeorg FrobeniusandIssai Schur, concerning
representation theory of groups, came to define
abstract algebra.
These developments of the last quarter of the

19th century and the first quarter of 20th century

were systematically exposed inBartel van der
Waerden'sModerne algebra.
The two-volume monographpublished in 1930

1931 that forever changed for the mathematical

world the meaning of the word
algebra fromthe theory of equations to the
theory of algebraic structures.
Examples of algebraic structures with a
singlebinary operationare:

Magmas

Quasigroups

Monoids

Semigroups

Groups
 More complicated examples include:
Rings
Fields
Modules
Vector spaces
Algebras over fields
Associative algebras
Lie algebras
Lattices
Boolean algebras
 Binary operations
Binary operations are the keystone of algebraic

structures studied inabstract algebra:

A binary operation is an operation that applies

to two quantities or expressions and .

A binary operation on a nonempty set is a map

such that
1. is defined for every pair of elements in , and
2. uniquely associates each pair of elements in
to some element of .

On the set M(2,2) of2 2matrices

with real entries,f (A,B) =A+Bis a

binary operation since the sum of two

such matrices is another

2 2matrix.
 magma
Inabstract algebra, amagma(orgroupoid) is a
basic kind of algebraic structure.
Specifically, a magma consists of aset,M,
equipped with a singlebinary operation,
MMM.
The binary operation must beclosedby definition
but no other properties are imposed.
 Group-like structures
Totality Associativity Identity Divisibility Commutativit
y

Semicategor Unneeded Required Unneeded Unneeded Unneeded

y
Category Unneeded Required Required Unneeded Unneeded
Groupoid Unneeded Required Required Required Unneeded
Magma Required Unneeded Unneeded Unneeded Unneeded

Quasigroup Required Unneeded Unneeded Required Unneeded

Loop Required Unneeded Required Required Unneeded

Semigroup Required Required Unneeded Unneeded Unneeded
Monoid Required Required Required Unneeded Unneeded
Group Required Required Required Required Unneeded

Abelian
Required Required Required Required Required
Group
 Representation theory
Representation theoryis a branch ofmathematics
that studiesabstractalgebraic structures
byrepresentingtheir elementsas
linear transformationsofvector spaces, and studies
modulesover these abstract algebraic structures.
A representation makes an abstract algebraic object
more concrete by describing its elements bymatrices
and thealgebraic operationsin terms of
matrix additionandmatrix multiplication structures.
The most prominent of these (and historically the
first) is therepresentation theory of groups .
 Definitionn of
Representation

LetVbe avector spaceover afieldF.

The set of allinvertiblennmatrices is a group under

matrix multiplication

Therepresentation theory of groups analyses a group by

describing ("representing") its elements in terms of invertible
matrices.

This generalizes to any fieldFand any vector spaceVoverF,

withlinear mapsreplacing matrices andcomposition replacing
matrix multiplication:

There is a groupGL(V,F)ofautomorphismsofV

an associative algebra EndF(V) of all endomorphisms ofV, and

a corresponding Lie algebragl(V,F).
 Applications &
Contributors
Representation theory studies symmetry in Linear spaces.

It has many applications, ranging from number theory to

geometry, probability theory, quantum mechanics and quantum

field theory.

Representation theory was born in 1896 in the work of the

German mathematician F. G. Frobenius.

And major contributors are : Dedekind, Burnside and

A.H.Clifford.
 Applications
Because of its generality, abstract algebra is used in
many fields of mathematics and science.
For instance,algebraic topologyuses algebraic

objects to study topologies.

The recently (As of 2006) provedPoincar

conjectureasserts that thefundamental groupof a

manifold, which encodes information about
connectedness, can be used to determine whether a
manifold is a sphere or not.
Algebraic number theorystudies various number

ringsthat generalize the set of integers.

Using tools ofalgebraic number theory,

Andrew WilesprovedFermat's Last Theorem.

 Applications
In physics, groups are used to represent symmetry
operations, and the usage of group theory could
simplify differential equations.
Ingauge theory, the requirement oflocal symmetry

can be used to deduce the equations describing a

system
The groups that describe those symmetries are

Lie groups, and the study of Lie groups and Lie

algebras reveals much about the physical system;
For instance, the number offorce carriersin a theory

is equal to dimension of the Lie algebra

And thesebosonsinteract with the force they

mediate if the Lie algebra is nonabelian. [2

[2
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YOU