11.

2 Immune Response
At the end of the lesson, students should be
able to :
1.Explain humoral and cell mediated immune
response:

2.Explain the various primary and secondary

immune responses.
 Types of Immune Response

Two types :
- Humoral Immune Response
- Cell Mediated Response

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An Overview of The Immune Response

UPP Kolej MARA Seremban

 Humoral Immune Response
(Humoral Immunity)
B cells responds to antigens by producing
antibodies
Antibodies are secreted into the blood and other
body fluids and thus provide humoral
immunity.
Effective against:
-viruses, bacteria or fungi in body fluids outside
the cells.
 Cell-mediated Immune Response (Cell-
mediated Immunity)
T cells do not secrete antibodies but instead
directly attack the cells that carry the specific
antigens
These cells are described as producing cell-
mediated immunity
Effective against:
(i)viruses, bacteria or fungi inside the cells.
(ii) cancer cells
(iii)foreign tissue transplant
 T CELLS
There are four main types of T cells:
i. Cytotoxic T cells (TC) (killer cells) ~ destroy
the antigen directly by attaching to them
and releasing the chemical perforin to kill
them
ii. Helper T cells (TH) ~ attract and stimulate
macrophages and promote the activity of
other T- and B- cells to increase antibody
production
 Memory T-cells ~ have no action but multiply
very fast if a second invasion of the antigen
occurs, producing an even bigger clone of T-
lymphocytes and resulting in rapid destruction
of antigen
Suppressor T-cells ~ slow down the vigorous
response of the TC and TH cells, so slowing
down and the stopping the immune response
 B CELLS
There are three different types of B cells :
i. Plasma B cells ~ secrete antibodies into the
circulation
ii. Memory B cells ~ live for a long time in the
blood. They do not produce antibodies but are
programmed to remember a specific antigen
and respond very rapidly to any subsequent
infection
iii. Dividing B cells ~ produce more B lymphocyte
cells
 Because lymphocytes recognize and respond to
particular microbes and foreign molecules, they
are said to display specificity
B cells and T cells specialize in different types of
antigens, and they carry out different, but
complementary, defensive actions
 11.2 Immune Response
Humoral immunity is
found in body fluids.

The humoral immune

system involves
antibodies produced
by B cells (B-
lymphocytes) in
response to a specific
antigen.

B lymphocyte ( B cell)
recognises antigen-by
differentiating into
plasma cells
 Humoral Immunity
Plasma cells produce in
large quantities,
Antibody specific to
that Antigen

Antibody release from

plasma cells-act on
Antigen-to destroy
the Antigen

Memory cells also

produced when
activated B lymphocyte
divide-remain in the
body even after an
infection over.
 Pathogens bearing foreign Ag
invades body

APC (macrophage)phagocytizes
pathogen

Foreign Ag-MHC complex displayed on APC

surface

TH cell binds with foreign Ag-MHC complex

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 APC releases IL-1 to activate TH cell

TH cell proliferate producing activated TH

cells and memory TH cells

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 B cell that has interacted with foreign Ag
will display foreign Ag-MHC complex

An activated TH cell bearing receptors specific for

the displayed Ag binds to the B cell

TH cell will release IL-2 and the B cell is activated

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 IL-2 secreted by the helper T cell
stimulate B cells to divide mitotically

Forming clones of identical B cells

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Differentiate into plasma cells and memory B
cells

Plasma cells secrete Ab

Ab Ag interaction occurs

Triggers processes leading to

pathogen destruction
Biology Unit,
17 KMPk
 11.2 Immune Response
- Occurs due to the development of T
Cells, Tc (CD8, T8) lymphocytes
which respond to intracellular
antigens.

1. Tc lymphs - Become sensitive to

specific antigen.
 Cell-mediated Immunity
2.Associated with tissues.
Develops in response to :
Antigen-bind to receptors on the
surface on T cells
Depend on the type of T Lymphocyte
 Cell-mediated Immunity
4.Chemical Messengers of Immune Cells

Cytokines:Cells of the immune system

communicate with each other by
means of chemicals.

Types of cytokines:
(i) Interleukins I
(ii) Interleukins II
5. MHC Cell-mediated Immunity
( Major Histocompatibility
complex)
Protein on the tissue cells serve as
self markers that enable an
individuals immune system.
Ability of lymphocytes to distinguish
self (its own cells) from non-self
(foreign substances or cells)
5. MHC Cell-mediated Immunity
( Major Histocompatibility
complex)
By presence of a group of protein
molecules - MHC antigen on cells
membranes
MHC antigen encode by genes in
segment on DNA-major
histocompatibility complex (MHC)
 Pathogens bearing foreign Ag
invades body

APC (macrophage)phagocytizes
pathogen

Foreign Ag-MHC complex displayed on APC

surface

TH cell binds with foreign Ag-MHC complex

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 APC releases IL-1 to activate TH cell

TH cell proliferate producing activated TH

cells and memory TH cells

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 TC cell with a receptor that fits the Ag
displayed by an APC binds with the TH cell
receptor

TH cell will release IL-2 and the TC cell is activated

IL-2 secreted by the TH cell stimulate TC

cells to divide mitotically

Forming clones of identical TC cells

Biology Unit,
27 KMPk
 Differentiate into active TC cell and memory TC
cell

Active TC cell will bind with the infected

cell

Releases perforin molecules which form pores in

the infected cells surface membrane

Lysis occurs and the infected cell is

destroyed
Biology Unit,
28 KMPk
1. An APC engulfs a bacterium and transport a fragment of it to the cell surface via a
class II MHC molecule
2. A specific TH cell is activated by binding to the MHC-antigen complex. The CD4
protein of the TH cells enhances the activation, as does interleukin-1 (IL-1) secreted
by the APC
3. The activated TH cell proliferates, giving rise to a clone of identical clones (not
shown), all with receptors keyed to the same MHC-antigen combination. These cells
secrete cytokines (eg : Interleukin-2)
4. The cytokines further stimulate the TH cells and also help activates B cells and TC
cells
1. An infected cell (or cancer cell) displays as an antigen fragment on its
surface using a class I MHC molecule. A specific TC cell is activated by
binding to the MHC-antigen complex. The CD8 protein of the TC cell
enhances the activation, along with IL-2 from TH cells (not shown)
2. The activated TC cell discharges perforin molecules, which create pores in
the membrane of the infected cell and granzymes, enzymes that breakdown
proteins.
3. Water and ions flow into the infected cell, and the cell lyses.
 CELL MEDIATED MECHANISM

The granzymes initiate apoptosis within the target

cell, leading to fragmentation of the nucleus and
cytoplasm & eventual death.
Cytotoxic T cell
Comparison of humoral immune response &
cell- mediated immune response

Similarities:
Specific immune response
- only response to specific antigen
Origin of cell:
- bone marrow
Location of mature cells:
- blood & lymphatic tissue
 Comparison continues.

Similarities:
Both involved lymphocytes that arisen
from stem cells of bone marrow
Both required Helper T cell to detect
the presence of antigen & stimulate the
cell to divide
Both can produced memory cell for
fast response for 2nd exposure
Comparison of humoral immune response & cell-
mediated immune response
Differences:
Humoral immune Cell mediated immune
response response

1. Primary cells are B 1. Primary cells are T

cells cells

2. Types of cells 2. Types of cells

involved are B cells, T involved are T
helper and memory B cytotoxic, T helper and
cells, plasma cell memory T cells
 Comparison continues.

Differences:
Humoral immune Cell mediated immune
response response
3. Produced plasma cell 3. Produced helper T
& memory B cell cell, Tc cell, suppressor
T cell, memory T cell
4. Involved lymphocytes 4. Involved lymphocytes
that stays in bone that migrates to thymus
marrow gland
 Comparison continues.

Differences:
Humoral immune Cell mediated immune
response response
5. Primary secretory 5. Primary secretory
products are antibodies products are interleukin
6. Primary action is 6. Primary action is
protection against protection against
extracellular antigens intracellular antigens
(bacteria, toxins, and tumors
parasites & viruses
outside of cells)
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY
COMPLEX (MHC)
Sometimes referred as human
leukocyte antigens ( HLA ) in
humans.
What is MHC?
A group of glycoproteins
embedded in the plasma
membrane of the cells.
 MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
(MHC)

An important self-makers coded by a

family of genes.

There are at least 20 MHC genes, at

least 100 alleles for each genes.

The probability that two individuals will

have matching MHC sets is virtually zero
unless they are identical twins.
 TWO MAIN CLASSES OF MHC
MOLECULES
Class I MHC molecules
- located on all nucleated cells
of the body.
- facilitate antigen binding to
cytotoxic T cells.

Class II MHC molecules

found only on specialized
cells, such as macrophages, B
cells and activated T cell
- facilitate antigen binding to
helper T cells.
Concept of Self and Non-Self
Immune system (lymphocytes) have
ability to detect the foreign substance.
This concept is the basis for surgery
involving organ transplant, blood
transfusion

Non-self:
Foreign substance are not compatible
with the body cell
So, immunity response is triggered
produced antibodies
Includes pathogens & cells from other
individuals of the same species
Concept of Self and Non-Self
Self:
Foreign substance are
compatible with the body
cell
So, no immunity response is
triggered no production of
antibodies
 Concept of Self and Non-Self
The bodys immune defenses do not
normally attack tissues that carry a
self-marker
Immune cells and other body cells are
known as self-tolerance.
But when immune defenders encounter
cells or organism carrying molecule that
say foreign, the immune troops move
quickly to eliminate intruders.
 Tissue grafts and organ
transplantation
1. MHC will stimulates the rejection of
tissue grafts and organ transplants.

MHC creates a unique protein

fingerprint for each individual
Foreign MHC molecules are antigenic
Inducing immune responses against
the donated tissue or organ.
 Tissue grafts and organ
transplantation
To minimize rejection, attempts are
made to match MHC of tissue donor and
recipient as closely as possible.

In the absence of identical twins,

siblings usually provide the closest
tissue-type match.
 Tissue grafts and organ
transplantation
2. Medicines are necessary to
suppress the immune response
to the transplant.
Selective drugs, which
suppress helper T cell
activation have improved the
success of organ transplant
 Tissue grafts and organ
transplantation
3. In bone marrow transplants,
tissue graft is the source of
potential immune rejection
Bone marrow transplants are
used to treat leukemia and
cancers
 Tissue grafts and organ
transplantation
Priority in marrow transplants is to
has little chance of graft rejection.

However, the donated marrow,

containing lymphocytes, may react
against the recipient, producing graft
versus host reaction, unless well
matched.
 Graph showing antibody formation in repeated
1.1 exposure to
st
infection
antigen a lag of
several days before
specific antibody
becomes detectable
by IgM.
2.Then, the antibody
level declines
called the primary
response.
 Graph showing antibody formation in
If re-exposed to the repeated infection
same antigen - more
rapid and in greater
amount of antibody
(IgG remains for
months or years) -
secondary response.
If the person is re-
exposed to different
antigen for the first
time, the properties
of the specific
response to this
antigen are those of
the primary
response.
 1st Immune Response
1. Following the first exposure to a
foreign antigen, a lag phase
occurs in which no antibody is
produced, but activated B cells
are differentiating into plasma
cells. The lag phase can be as
short as 2-3 days, but often is
longer, sometimes as long as
weeks or months.
2. The amount of antibody - low.
3. Over time, antibody level
declines to the point where it
may be undetectable.
4. The first antibody produced is
mainly IgM (although small
amounts of IgG are usually also
produced).
2nd Immune Response
1. If a second dose of the same
antigen is given days or even
years later, an accelerated 20
or anamnestic immune response
(IR) occurs. This lag phase is
usually very short (e.g. 3 or 4
days) due to the presence of
memory cells.
2. The amount of antibody - high
3. Antibody level tends to remain
high for longer.
4. The main type of antibody
produced is IgG (although small
amounts of IgM are sometimes
produced).
 Vaccination
Vaccination:-process of acquiring
immunity against a particular disease by
administering a vaccine.
Vaccine
- contains inactivated pathogens or parts
of the pathogens.
-do not cause illness

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 Vaccination

When introduced into the body,

- stimulates the body to launch an immune
response.
- memory cells develop

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 Vaccination
All these agents induce an immediate
immune response and long-lasting
immunological memory.
A vaccinated person exposed to actual
pathogen, will have same quickly
secondary response.
 Vaccination

Common vaccinations :
- BCG
- Rubella
- Hepatitis
- Triple antigen

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 Vaccination
BCG
- Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG)
- Most widely used vaccination in the world
- Made of a live, weakened strain of
Mycobacterium bovis
- Tuberculosis (TB)

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 Vaccination
Rubella
- A common childhood disease caused by
a virus
- Becomes serious when pregnant women
get the disease; causes miscarriages,
stillbirth or birth defect in unborn babies

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 Vaccination
Hepatitis
- A serious liver disease caused by viruses
- Produce inflammation in liver cells,
resulting in injury or destruction

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 Vaccination
Triple antigen ( Diphtheria, Pertussis and
Tetanus Vaccine DPT )

Diphtheria
- Very contagious and life-threatening
bacterial disease
- Usually attack the throat and nose

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 Vaccination
Pertussis
- commonly known as whooping cough
- extremely contagious disease
- may affect the brain
- very serious for children younger than 6
years

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 Vaccination
Tetanus
- caused by a poison produced by a germ
- enter the body through a cut, wound or
any break in the skin.
- causes serious, painful spasms of all
muscles and can lead to locking of the
jaw.

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THANK YOU