World History

I. New patterns of civilization

The Renaissance
 Italian Renaissance
The word renaissance means rebirth SXVI

Between the 1350 1550 the Greek and Roman cultures reemerge

Italian renaissance means that started in Italy and then spread to the rest of
Europe

Italy was an urban society formed by city-states

The increasing wealth created the possibilities for the enjoyment of material

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things

New view of human beings emphasized in the individual activity and

secularism

New social ideal of the well-rounded person capable of achievements in many

areas of life
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Art that celebrate secular themes, the human body and an appreciation of
classical antiquity
 The Italian states
Numerous powerful city-states in the north

Wealthy cities because of the trading activities with both: East and West

Milan was ruled by the Visconti family, leaders of a band of

mercenaries, and had an efficient tax system
Venice had an elected leader: a Doge; and was really ruled by a small
group of merchant-aristocrats

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Florence, controlled by the Medici family, won several wars to stablished
as major city-state
Attracted by the Italian wealth France and Spain struggled to dominate
the territory, this was called Italian Wars

The sack of Rome in 1527 by the Spanish king Charles I ended the 4

Italian wars and left Spain as the dominant force in Italy

Machiavelli, the new Statecraft
Machiavellis book, The Prince, concerns on how to
acquire and keep political power

He rejected the idea that a ruler ought to act based on

Christian principles but to understand human nature

Men are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers they

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shun danger and are greedy for profit

A price act on behalf of the state and for that he

should not be restricted by moral principles
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The end justifies the means
 Renaissance Society
Was divided in three classes: Nobility, Peasants /
townspeople and clergy

In 1500 nobility dominated society and represented

2% of it

A noble was born, not made. Expected to have military

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skill, classical education and a virtuous standard of
conduct

Peasants represented 90% of the society most of them

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were merchants and artisans
The Intellectual And
Artistic Renaissance
 Italian renaissance humanism
Humanism studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry moral
philosophy and history; based on the works of Greeks
and Romans

Petrarch, rescue forgotten Latin manuscripts and

propose classical Latin and a solitude lifestyle for the

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intellectuals

Humanists in the early 1400s took a new interest in

civic life and place their knowledge in service of the
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state (from theory to practice)
 Vernacular literature
Vernacular is the language spoken in their own region

Dante, Divine Comedy, and Chaucer, Canterbury

Tales, promoted vernacular literature with their work

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 Education in the Renaissance
Believe that through education you can change the
human being

Liberal studies are those by which we attain and

practice virtue and wisdom: history, moral philosophy,
rhetoric, grammar, logic, poetry, mathematics astronomy

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and music; without forgetting physical education

Its aim was no to create great scholars but complete

citizens

Females were absent in this educational model 10

The artistic Renaissance in Italy
Renaissance artist sought to imitate nature with the
human being as the center and measure of all things

In painting they apply the fresco technique, done on

fresh wet plaster with water-based paints, and the laws
of perspective (large wall spaces in the church)

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In sculpture and architecture they study the works of
the Romans and Greeks, and respected the laws of
proportion

The most representative artist were: Donatello, 11

Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo

 Northern artistic Renaissance
Painted illustrations for books and wooden panels for
altarpieces (no space in gothic churches walls)

In Flanders, Jan Van Eyck used oil paint and imitate

nature by observation

In Germany, Drer tried to achieve a standard of ideal

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beauty through examination of the human form; was
influenced by the Italians due to his travels

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The Protestant
Reformation
Erasmus, Christian humanism
Protestant reformation is the reform movement that
divided the western church into Catholic and
Protestant groups

Christian humanism pretended the reformation of the

catholic church

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Erasmus propose the philosophy of Christ as a way of
life and that the church must preach with the example

As one of the first reformers Erasmus did not seek to

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break with the church but to solve the abuses of it
 On the eve of the Reformation
Between 1450-1520 the Renaissance popes were more
concern with power struggles than with spiritual matters

Julius II, personally led armies against his enemies

Church officials used their ranks in advantage of their

wealth

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Priest were unaware or ignorant of their duties
People, nevertheless, desired meaningful religious
expressions and a way of salvation

The modern devotion movement stressed the need to 15

follow the direct teachings of Jesus Christ

 Martin Luther, Lutheranism
Was a monk and a professor at the University of Wittenberg,
Germany, a deep student of the Bible
Believe that humans are not saved through their good work but
through their faith in God

Upset by the widespread selling of indulgences wrote the

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ninety-five theses against the church practices

Called the German princes to overthrow the papacy in and to

stablish a reformed German church

Based on the Gospel, he kept only two sacraments: Baptism

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and Eucharist, stablish a new religious service based on the
reading of the Bible and songs, and call the clergy to marry
Politics in German Reformation
Charles V, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, was at
the same time Charles I, king of Spain

During the 16th century Charles faced several problems

that allowed the Lutheranism grow strong in Germany
so later he was unable to dissolve it by force

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The Peace of Augsburg stopped the warfare in Germany
and formally accepted the division of Christianity in
Germany

The rulers decided between the Catholicism and 17

Lutheranism, the subjects must accept their choice

The Spread Of
Protestantism, And The
Response
 The Zwinglian Reformation
Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in Zrich that influenced
the city council to introduce religious reforms

He abolished all images and stablished a service based

on the reading of the Bible

Zwingli sought alliance with Luther, but they disagree

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on the meaning of the sacraments

In October 1531 war broke in Switzerland, Zwingli

was found dead in the battlefield
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The leadership of Protestantism passed to John Calvin
 Calvin and Calvinism
Educated in France, he published in 1536 a summary
of Protestantism, in Switzerland

His emphasis on the all powerful nature of god led him

to the idea of predestination about the salvation

In Geneva stablished the consistory to enforce moral

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discipline (Dancing, Drunkenness and gambling)

From Geneva the Calvinism spread to all part of

Europe and by 1550 was the most important and
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dynamic form of Protestantism
 The reformation in England
Was rooted in politics, not religion by king Henry VIII who disagreed
with the new theology, but wanted to break with the Catholic church
to get a divorce
In 1533 he get the divorce and marry Anne Boleyn, their daughter
will later become Queen Elizabeth I
In 1534, with the act of supremacy, the king became the head of the

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new church of England so the king could sell the possessions of the
church
In 1547, during the reign of Edward VI, England move to a
protestant direction
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In 1553, during the reign of Mary, due to her violent attempts to
restore Catholicism, England became more Protestant
 The Anabaptist
They were some who strongly disagree with the idea of
the state being involved with Church affairs

Church was a voluntary community of adult believers,

they believed in adult baptism

They consider all believers as equals, therefore anyone

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can be eligible to be a minister

Believed in the complete separation of the Church and

the state, and refuse to hold political office

They were consider political radicals by the state, the 22

Catholics and the Protestants

 The Catholic reformation
Was supported by the Jesuits, the reform of the papacy and
the Council of Trent

Jesuits were recognized in 1540, were founded by Ignatius of

Loyola, vow obedience to the pope and use education to spread
their message

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In 1537 the pope appointed a reform commission to determine
the church ills

The council of Trent was a meeting of the representative

members of the church that declared that both faith and good
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work were necessary for salvation and forbid the sell of
indulgences
World History
III. The age of exploration
Exploration And
Expansion
 Motives and means
Between 1500 & 1800 Western civilizations rose to
new economic heights through their worldwide trading
activity

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The Portuguese trading empire
A
b

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 Voyages to the Americas
A
b

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 The Spanish Empire
A
b

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 Economic impact and
competition
A
b

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AFRICA IN AN AGE
OF TRANSITION
 The slave trade
A
b

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 Political and social structures
A
b

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SOUTHEAST ASIA IN
THE SPICE TRADE
 Emerging mainland states
A
b

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 The arrival of Europeans
A
b

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Religious and political systems
A
b

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THE AMERICAS
 The Olmec and Teotihuacan
A
b

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 The Maya and Toltec
A
b

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 A
b
The Aztec

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 Early civilizations
A
b

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 A
b
The inca

43

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 The classical roman
A
b

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 A
b
The mannerism

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 A
b
The baroque

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 The Colonial art expressions
A
b

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 The importance of knowledge
A
b

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 The importance of knowledge
Means not taking god as the origin of all phenomena ,
therefore man should resolve the problem of reality
through a scientific approach

Diffusion was the key, Gutenberg invented the printing

machine in 1450

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Time is money in commerce was the beginning of
capitalism this means everything should be calculated
and measured

Commerce also search the utility of applied mechanics 49

and the possible use of science to solve practical problems

 The importance of knowledge
A
b

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 The importance of knowledge
A
b

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