Transformer

UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPIR
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Transformer
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
1. When switch open, there is no 2. As switch is closed current

current flow thus no magnetic field
increases, magnetic flux changing
build up.
through coil B. Meter deflects.
Induction occurs. Current flow.
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Original Page No :1
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3. Current steady. Flux steady. 4. As switch opens current falls.
No induction. Magnetic flux changing back

through coil B. Meter deflects in
opposite direction. Induction
occurs. Current flow opposite
direction.
Original Page No :2
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Note :
5. No current. No magnetic
Induction on coil B occurs only
flux. No induction. when there is changing of flux on
coil A by making the switch close
and open repeately. This process
is called Mutual Inductance.
Original Page No :3
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6. By connecting AC supply to coil A, the magnetic flux keep changing thus

induction keep occuring on coil B. Therefore, induces voltage on coil B.

Original Page No :4
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MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
When two coils are placed close to each other,
a changing electromagnetic field produced by
the current in one coil will cause an induced
voltage in the second coil because of the mutual
inductance
Mutual inductance is established by the
inductance of each coil and by the amount of
coupling between the two coils. To maximize
coupling, the two coils are wound on a common
core
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MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
PRIMARY SECONDARY

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THE BASIC TRANSFORMER
Source voltage is applied to the primary winding
The load is connected to the secondary winding
The core provides a physical structure for placement of
windings and a magnetic path so that the magnetic flux
lines are concentrated close to the coils
Typical core materials are: air, ferrite, and iron
Air and ferrite cores are used at high frequencies
Iron cores are used for low frequencies transformers and
power applications
- laminated to reduce eddy current losses
- high permeability increase the lines flux and flux loss
is small
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THE BASIC TRANSFORMER

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Basic Transformer Construction

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TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

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TURNS RATIO
Turns ratio (n) is defined as the ratio of the number of
turns in the secondary winding (Nsec) to the number of
turns in the primary winding (Npri)
n = Nsec/Npri
With the turns ratio, the secondary voltage can be

determined with the following formula:
Vsec = n (Vpri)
The ratio of Vs to Vp or Ns to Np is known as the

Transformation Ratio.

Transformer
Turn ratio is 10, mean this is Step Up Transformer

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Turn ratio is 1/10, mean this is Step Down Transformer

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DIRECTIONS OF WINDING
The direction of the windings determines the polarity
of the voltage across the secondary winding with
respect to the voltage across the primary
Phase dots are used to indicate polarities

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STEP-UP TRANSFORMERS
A transformer in which the secondary voltage is greater than the
primary voltage is called a step-up transformer
The ratio of secondary voltage (Vsec) to primary voltage (Vpri) is equal
to the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary winding (N sec) to
the number of turns in the primary winding (N pri)
Vsec / Vpri = Nsec / Npri
VS NS
Turn Ratio = ---- = ----
VP NP
If there are more turns on the secondary than on the primary, the turn
ratio is greater than 1

Ex 1
Find :
a. Turn ratio
b. Secondary voltage (VS)

Ex 2
Find :
a. Secondary turns (NS)
b. Turn ratio

Ex 3
Find :
a. Turn ratio
b. Primary voltage (Vp)

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STEP-DOWN TRANFORMERS
A transformer in which the secondary voltage is less than
the primary voltage is called a step-down transformer
The amount by which the voltage is stepped down
depends on the turns ratio
The turns ratio of a step-down transformer is always less
than 1

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Ex 1
Find :
a. Turn ratio
b. Secondary voltage (VS)

Ex 2
Find :
a. Secondary turns (NS)
b. Turn ratio

Ex 3
Find :
a. Turn ratio
b. Primary voltage (Vp)

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CURRENT AND POWER
When a load resistor is connected to the secondary
winding, there is a current through the resulting
secondary circuit because of the voltage induced in the
secondary coil
This results in current in both the primary and secondary
coils which is also effected by the turns ratio
For an ideal transformer, the power delivered in the
secondary (Vsec x Isec) equals the power in the primary
(Vpri x Ipri)

In an ideal transformer :
Power IN = Power Out
Pp = Ps
(Vpri x Ipri) = (Vsec x Isec)

Ex 1


Ex 2


Transformer
Therefore:
If the voltage is stepped up in the secondary, the
current is stepped down by the same turn ratio
If the voltage is stepped down in the secondary, the
current is stepped up by the same turn ratio

Voltage and Current in Step Up and Step Down Transformer

Transformer
Primary Power (Pp) = Secondary Power (Ps)

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TRANSFORMER LOSSES
There are two losses in a transformer :
a. Iron losses
- eddy currents and hysteresis
b. Copper losses
- the resistive losses in the wires, I2R

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Eddy current a small voltage produce by heat to minimise heat is by laminating
the iron core

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Hysteresis losses are reduced by choosing a material such as silicon steel, stalloy
permalloy which have low hysteresis loss
- energy loss during magnetization and de-magnetization of a
material

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Copper losses due to resistive in Flux linkage losses may be reduced

the wires or I2R losses
by the design of the core

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TRANSFORMER ON NO LOAD
When a voltage is applied to the primary with no load connected,
the primary alternating flux will also induce a back emf into the
primary winding in opposition to the applied emf.
The very small current that flows in the primary is that current
which is necessary to overcome losses and to magnetize the core
Vpri and Vsec are in anti phase
Off load primary current will lag behind the primary voltage
(inductive)

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PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR TRANSFORMER NO LOAD

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TRANSFORMER ON LOAD
Secondary currents provide a flux in the core which
opposes the primary flux reduces the total flux in the
core the primary back emf is reduced
The effective emf in the primary increase so does the
primary current
Increase loading on the secondary increases the primary
current

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PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR A TRANSFORMER

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EFFICIENCY
The efficiency of a tranformer is expressed in Percentage (%)
Efficiency = Output power x 100

Input power Ps=48W
= 48W x 100
Pp=50W
50W
= 96 %
Due to transformer losses, the output power is always less than the primary
power.
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REGULATION
1. When no load is applied, the secondary voltage is high and the voltage will
slightly drop when load is applied due to copper losses.
2. The difference between no load and full load is a transformer regulation
and expressed in percentage (%)
3. To find transformer regualtion:
Regulation (100%) = No Load Voltage Full Load Voltage X 100
Full Load Voltage
4. Typically the value is 1 to 2%.

Transformer
Example:
A transformer no load voltage is 28V and full load voltage is 27.5V. Calculate the
regulation of a transformer?
Regulation = No load voltage Full load voltage x 100%

Full load voltage
= 28V 27.5V x 100%
27.5V
= 1.8%

Transformer
LOW FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER
Used within the audio frequency range
Core type the laminations are either U and I shaped or
L shaped. They are staggered when assembled to
provide a single magnetic circuit. The winding can be on
limb or split between the two limbs.

Transformer
LOW FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER
Shell type The laminations are usually T and U or E
and I shaped and are staggered when assembled to give
a three limbed former.

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HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER
Radio frequency transformer are used in radio

transmitters and receivers (100 kHz to 100 MHz)
Do not have iron cores because iron losses would be
high at high frequency.
Have ferrite cores which are used to adjust the coil
inductance or modify the coupling effect between the two
coils.

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HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER

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AUTO TRANSFORMER
In an autotransformer, one winding serves as both the
primary and the secondary. The winding is tapped at the
proper points to achieve the desired turns ratio for stepping
up or down the voltage
Step Down Auto Transformer Step Up Auto Transformer

Variable Auto Transformer

Transformer
THE QUADRATURE (MUTUAL REACTOR)
A device was required that gave a phase angle of 90

between the current in one circuit and a signal being put
into another circuit. The angle between the primary
current in a quadrature transformer and its
secondary voltage is 90.
If an air gap is cut in the former of the transformer, more
current will be required to magnetise the core to
overcome the increased reluctance. As the magnetising
element of the primary current is at 90 to the applied
voltage, the primary current is increased and at the
same time moved around until it is almost 90 behind
the applied voltage.
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It also follows that the primary current is almost at

90 ahead of the secondary emf.
The air gap has an optimum size and is usually beneath
the windings, so it looks just like any other small
transformer. It is only used to obtain signal voltages and
cannot be loaded to any great extent.

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QUADRATURE TRANSFORMER
The primary current is almost at 900 ahead of the secondary emf

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PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR QUADRATURE TRANSFORMER

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THE CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Designed to enable circuit currents to be measured without
breaking into the circuit
Works on the principle of mutual inductance
Has a step up turns ratio with the primary being the load supply
cable
The secondary winding is wound on a non laminated toroidal core

of silicon iron

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THE CURRENT TRANSFORMER



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OPERATION
When fitting a current transformer make sure it is fitted the correct way
round
When connecting the secondary to its load, make sure it is correctly
fitted.
Never operate the primary circuit with the secondary open circuited.
Short it out.
Never operate a current transformer on anything other than its
designed load
In some cases, the current transformer and its load are a matched
pair. (They may even carry the same serial numbers). If one is
changed, then the other must also be changed.
When they are used in control circuitry, remember that the secondary
output is a supply source proportional to the primary current flow.

Transformer
IMPEDENCE MATCHING TRANSFORMER
Impedence Z=V/I
The impedance Zs of the secondary is the ratio of secondary

voltage to secondary current and the impedance Zp of the primary is
the ratio of the primary voltage to the primary current.
The primary and secondary voltages and currents are related to

each other by the turns ratio (T) of the transformer
Zp = Zs
T2

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Maximum power is transferred from a source of supply to a load
circuit only when the load impedance is equal to the internal
impedance of the source of supply.

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Example 1:
The secondary impedance (Zs) of
a transformer is 9000 and its
turn ratio is 3. Calculate primary Zs=9000
impedance (Zp) for a maximum
power transfer? Zp=?
Zp = Zs
T2
T=3
= 9000 ohms
32
= 1000 ohms

Transformer
Example 2 :
Find the turn ratio of
transformer for
maximum power
Zp
transfer?
Zs
Zp = Zs
T2 T=?
T2 = Zs
Zp
= 4
10000
= 0.0004
T = 0.02

Transformer
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER
3 interconnected single phase transformer with their windings
combined on a single magnetic circuit

Transformer
Four combination for three phase transformer:
- Star-star
- Delta-delta
- Delta-star
- Star-delta
CONFIGURATION OF THREE PHASE

TRANSFORMER

Transformer
Star - star transformer power
Power = 3 VL IL cos watts
STAR - STAR THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

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Delta - Delta transformer power
Power = 3 VL IL cos watts
DELTA-DELTA THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

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The STAR-DELTA transformer has a 3 : 1 step down ratio in addition to the

effect of the turns ratio.
STAR-DELTA THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

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The DELTA-STAR transformer has a 1 : 3 step up ratio in addition to the effect

of the turns ratio.
DELTA-STAR THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER


Transformer
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION
YOUR NEXT LESSON WILL BE
FILTERS


Transformer

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UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPIR

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

1. When switch open, there is no 2. As switch is closed current

3. Current steady. Flux steady. 4. As switch opens current falls.

No induction. Magnetic flux changing back

6. By connecting AC supply to coil A, the magnetic flux keep changing thus

Revision : Subject Code AAB

Revision : Subject Code AAB

Revision : Subject Code AAB

Basic Transformer Construction

Revision : Subject Code AAB

With the turns ratio, the secondary voltage can be

The ratio of Vs to Vp or Ns to Np is known as the

Revision : Subject Code AAB

Turn ratio is 10, mean this is Step Up Transformer

Revision : Subject Code AAB

Turn ratio is 1/10, mean this is Step Down Transformer

Revision : Subject Code AAB

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ratio is greater than 1

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Voltage and Current in Step Up and Step Down Transformer

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Primary Power (Pp) = Secondary Power (Ps)

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Revision : Subject Code AAB

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Copper losses due to resistive in Flux linkage losses may be reduced

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PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR TRANSFORMER NO LOAD

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PHASOR DIAGRAM FOR A TRANSFORMER

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Efficiency = Output power x 100

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Regulation = No load voltage Full load voltage x 100%

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Revision : Subject Code AAB

Revision : Subject Code AAB

Radio frequency transformer are used in radio

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HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER

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Step Down Auto Transformer Step Up Auto Transformer

Variable Auto Transformer

Revision : Subject Code AAB

A device was required that gave a phase angle of 90