PT10603 PERSONALITY AND

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

BEYOND IQ : THEORIES OF HOT

INTELLIGENCE
 Introduction
What is Hot intelligence ????
Types of ability that encompass
an array of non-cognitive traits.
E.g. : the ability to interact with
others in social situation
 Argued that traditional cognitive
ability tests measure the wrong
type of abilities
The test may useful to predict
academic success but say little or
nothing about a persons ability to
do well in real life or where it really
matter
 Assumption :
1. IQ is not everything
2. Interpersonal skills are independent
of cognitive abilities
3. Interpersonal skills are more
important in real life than academic
abilities
4. Interpersonal skills should be
conceptualized as a form of ability
or intelligence
Thorndikes Social
Intelligence
Edward Thorndike (1874 1949)
Conceptualized individual
differences in two domains :
i. Ability to manage others
ii. Act wisely in relationship
 Thorndike (1920 ) -;
3 major facets of intelligence
1. Mechanical Intelligence
- Ability to manage concrete objects
2. Abstract intelligence
- Ability to manage ideas
3. Social intelligence
- The ability to understand and manage
men and women, boys and girls - Ability to
manage others and act wisely in
relationships
 Moss & Hunt (1927)
The ability to get along with others
Vernon (1933)
Ability to get along with people in
general, social technique or ease in
society, knowledge of social matters,
susceptibility to stimuli from other
members of group, as well as insight
into temporary moods or underlying
personality traits of strangers
 Components of Social
Intelligence ;
Getting along
Social technique
Social knowledge
Social sensitivity
Social insight
Awareness of others moods
and personalities
 Howard Gardner (1983)
The capacity to know oneself and
to know others is an alienable part
of the human condition.
Introduced Multiple intelligence
There are many independent
intelligence, including traditional as
well as novel abilities such as
bodily, social, spiritual and musical
intelligences
 7 types of intelligence :
Linguistic Intelligence: involved in
reading, writing, listening and talking
Logical-Mathematic Intelligence:
involved in solving logical puzzles,
deriving proofs, performing
calculations
Spatial Intelligence: involved in
moving from one location to another
or determining one's orientation in
space
 Musical Intelligence: involved in playing,
composing, singing and conducting.
Bodily-Kinaesthetic Intelligence: involved
in using one's body (or parts of it) to
perform skilful and purposeful movements
(dancers, athletes and surgeons)
Intrapersonal Intelligence: involved in
understanding oneself and having insight
into one's own thoughts, actions and
emotions (self-understanding).
 Interpersonal functioning: involved in
understanding of others and one's relations
to others. Being high in social skills
(psychologists, teachers and politicians are
supposed to be high in this type of
intelligence).
The eighth intelligence was proposed by
Gardner in 1999 and he calls it Naturalistic
Intelligence. This intelligence involves the
ability to understand and work effectively in
the natural world. This is exemplified by
biologists and zoologists.
Importance Of Social
Intelligence
1. Academic or cognitive abilities
are not perfect predictors of
performance and do not provide a
full picture of an individuals
capacity to succeed in life.
2. Assumption : One may be clever
in an academic sense but relatively
incompetent in interpersonal
relations.
 3. There is a notion that, in some
situations, success is more dependent
on our ability to relate to others
(manage people) than our ability to
think abstractly (manage ideas)
Individual differences in social
intelligence may help to understand
psychological disorders, in particular
where cognitive skills fail to distinguish
between healthy and mentally ill
individuals.
Problems with the notion of
Social Intelligence
Lack of reliability and validity of
Social intelligence measures
Often not distinguishable from
traditional ability test
Difficulty of designing actual tests of
social competence
 Traditional ability tests, rely on
questions with one and only one
correct answer, social intelligence
measures tended to include self-
descriptions or vignettes with
subjective answers.
Assessing Social Intelligence using
self reports may lead one to
conceptualize it as a personality trait.
Recent Approaches
Ford & Tisak (1983) succeeded in
identifying a psychometrically
coherent social intelligence factor
in a sample of 600 high schools
students.
Behavioral effectiveness
Marlowe (1986) using multitrait-
multimethod design, five
dimensions of social intelligence;
 Interest and concern for other people
Social performance skills
Emphatic ability
Emotional expressiveness and
sensitivity to others emotion
Social anxiety and lack of social self-
efficacy and self-esteem
 Barnes & Sternberg (1989)
2 aspects ;
a. Cognitive component
- decoding non-verbal cues
b. Behavioral aspect
- self-reported social competence
- Positively and significantly correlated
with each other but not with IQ
 Schneider, Ackerman, and Kanfer
(1996)
7 dimensions ;
1) Extraversion
2) Warmth
3) Social influence
4) Social insight
5) Social openness
6) Social appropriateness
7) Social maladjustment
 Wong et. al (1995)
Social perception
Social knowledge
Social behavior
Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Quotient
The capacity of individuals to
identify and manage their own
emotional state and to accurately
interpret and deal with others
emotions
 Sternberg & Kaufman (1998)
stated that emotional intelligence
in individual differences refers to;
1. The ability to perceive, appraise, and
express emotions
2. The ability to access and / or generate
emotions advantageous for thought
3. The ability to understand emotion and
emotional knowledge
4. The ability to regulate emotions that
enable emotional and intellectual
growth
 Salovey & Mayer (1990) ;
2 basic of EQ
1) Independent from traditional
cognitive ability (IQ)
2) More important than IQ when it
comes to determining performance
in real life settings.
Criticism On Measurement
Issues of EQ
Ability based measures are
measuring conformity not ability
Ability based measures are
measuring knowledge (not actual
ability)
Self report are susceptible to
faking good
Trait Emotional Intelligence:
Emotional Self-Efficacy
Introduced by Petrides & Furnham
(2001)
The theory of emotional intelligence as
a personality trait, assessed by self-
report inventories rather than
performance tests and consider as a
self-perceived construct rather than an
ability
Represents a more realistic way of
dealing with the concept and
assessment of individual differences in
emotional intelligence
 Reiff, Hatzes, Bramel, and Gibson
(2001)
Students with learning disabilities had
significantly lower trait emotional
intelligence
Petrides, Frederickson, and Furnham
(2004)
Among low IQ pupils, those with high trait
emotional intelligence scores performed
considerably better at school
Low trait emotional intelligence pupils had
more unauthorized absences and exhibited
more antisocial behavior
 Wong & Law (2002) provided
evidence that trait emotional
intelligence is related to job
performance and job satisfaction.
Jordan et. al ( 2002)
Work teams comprising high trait
emotional intelligence employees
generally perform better than those
comprising low trait emotional
intelligence employees.
 The Adult Sampling Domain of
Trait Emotional Intelligence
Facets High scorers perceive
themselves as
Adaptability flexible and willing to
adapt to new conditions.
Assertiveness forthright, frank, and
willing to stand up for their
rights.
Emotion perception (self and others) clear about their own and
other peoples feelings.
Emotion expression capable of
communicating their feelings to
others.
Emotion management (others) capable of influencing other
peoples feelings.
Emotion regulation capable of controlling their
emotions.
Impulsiveness (low) reflective and less likely to
give in to their urges.
Facets High scorers perceive themselves as
Relationships capable of having fulfilling
personal relationships.
Self-esteem successful and self-
confident.
Self-motivation driven and unlikely to give
up in the face of adversity.
Social awareness accomplished networkers
with excellent social skills.
Stress management capable of withstanding
pressure and regulating stress.
Trait empathy capable of taking
someone elses perspective.
Trait happiness cheerful and satisfied with
their lives.
Trait optimism confident and likely to
look on the bright side of life.
Practical Intelligence
A component of Sternbergs theory
of intelligence.
One s ability to find effective
solutions, solve problems, and
apply ideas to real-life contexts
independent of academic or
traditional cognitive ability
 Most evidence for practical
intelligence has derived from lay
beliefs about intelligence.
Sternberg, Conway, Ketron and
Bernstein (1981)
Classified lay beliefs of intelligence
into 3 major clusters Verbal ability,
Practical problem-solving, and Social
Competence
Conclusions
Hot Intelligences attempt to explain
individual differences in real-life
achievement beyond IQ
emphasize interpersonal,
emotional and practical aspects of
individual differences.
Psychometric tests tend to lack
sufficient reliability and validity
 The use of self-report inventories
to assess hot intelligences are
often substantially correlated with
established personality traits.
Emotions play an important part in
determining behavior.
 THANK YOU