LTE Architecture

LTE Architecture and the

Physical Layer
The LTE network architecture is illustrated in Figure
below. The data are exchanged
between the UE and the base station (eNB) through the
air interface. The eNB is
part of the E-UTRAN where all the functions and network
services are conducted.
Whether it is voice packets or data packets, the eNB will
process the data and route it accordingly.
LTE Architecture
 LTE Architecture
User Equipment (UE): This is the user device that is connected to the
LTE network via the RF channel through the BS that is part of the eNB
subsystem.
Evolved NodeB (eNB): The eNB functionalities include radio resource
management (RRM) for both uplink (UL) and downlink (DL), IP header
compression and encryption of user data, routing of user data, selection of
MME, paging, measurements, scheduling, and broadcasting.
Mobility Management Entity (MME): This portion of the network is
responsible for non access stratum (NAS) signaling and security, tracking UE,
handover selection with other MMEs, authentication, bearer management,
core network (CN) node signaling, and packet data network (PDN) service
and selection. The MME is connected to the S-GW via an S11 interface [5].
 LTE Architecture
Serving Gateway (S-GW): This gateway handles eNB handovers, packet
data routing, quality of service (QoS), user UL/DL billing, lawful
interception,
and transport level packet marking. The S-GW is connected to the PDN
gateway via an S5 interface.
PDN Gateway (P-GW): This gateway is connected to the outside global
network (Internet). This stage is responsible for IP address allocation, per-
user
packet filtering, and service level charging, gating, and rate enforcement.
Evolved Packet Core (EPC): It includes the MME, the S-GW as well as
the P-GW.
Overview
Technology Comparison
Channels in LTE
Resource Block

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Resource Blocks for OFDMA
One frame is 10 ms consisting of 10
subframes
One subframe is 1ms with 2 slots
One slot contains N Resource Blocks (6
< N < 110)
The number of downlink resource blocks depends
on the transmission bandwidth.
One Resource Block contains M
subcarriers for each OFDM symbol
The number of subcarriers in each resource block
depends on the subcarrier spacing f
The number of OFDM symbols in each
block depends on both the CP length 10
11
LTE Spectrum (Bandwidth and Duplex)
Flexibility

12
 LTE Downlink Channels
The LTE radio interface, various "channels" are
used. These are used to segregate the different
types of data and allow them to be transported
across the radio access network in an orderly
fashion.
Physical channels: These are transmission
channels that carry user data and control
messages.
Transport channels: The physical layer transport
channels offer information transfer to Medium
Access Control (MAC) and higher layers.
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Logical channels: Provide services for the Medium
 LTE Downlink Channels

Paging Control Channel

Paging Channel

Physical Downlink Shared Channel

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LTE Downlink Logical Channels

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LTE Downlink Logical Channels

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LTE Downlink Transport Channel

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LTE Downlink Transport Channel

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LTE Downlink Physical
Channels

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LTE Downlink Physical
Channels

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 LTE Uplink Channels

Random Access Channel

CQI report
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Physical Radio Access Channel

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LTE Uplink Logical Channels

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LTE Uplink Transport
Channel

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LTE Uplink Physical
Channels

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 LTE Key Features (1/2)
Highspectralefficiency
OFDM inDownlink
SingleCarrierFDMAinUplink
Verylowlatency
Shortsetuptime&Shorttransferdelay
Shorthand overlatencyandinterruptiontime
Supportofvariablebandwidth
1.4,3,5,10,15and20MHz

25
 LTE Key Features (2/2)
Compatibilityandinterworkingwith
earlier 3GPP
FDDandTDDwithinasingleradioac
cess technology
EfficientMulticast/Broadcast

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Adaptive Modulation and Coding
2 bits per symbol in
each carrier.

4 bits per symbol in

each carrier.

6 bits per symbol in

each carrier.

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 MIMO ANTENNA
MIMO: Multiple input multiple output
Given an arbitrary wireless communication system:
A link for which the transmitting end as well as the receiving end is
equipped with multiple antenna elements
The signals on the transmit antennas and receive antennas are
combined to improve the quality of the communication (ber and/or bps)
MIMO systems use space-time processing techniques
Time dimension is completed with the spatial dimension

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Multiple antenna fundamentals

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 Planning in LTE
LTE Planning Procedures
Planning process is a very vital process we should do it
carefully to get good network performance
LTE Planning Process consists of three main steps as below
Preplanning
Information Gathering
Dimensioning
Detailed planning
Prediction & Simulation
 LTE Planning Procedures
TSS
Code Planning
Neighbors Planning
Parameters planning
Acceptance
SSV
KPIs
 PCI Planning
Cell ID groups are adopted in the Cell Search procedure
of the LTE System. Specifically, a special ID within a cell
group is determined through the PSCH, and then a Cell
Group ID determined through the SSCH
As Specified in 3GPP protocol, the Cell ID at the
physically layer consist of cell group ID and the ID within
the cell group
There are 168 physically layer cell groups and each
group consist of three IDs.
Therefore, totally there are 504(0-503) PCIs available
 Handover in LTE
The reports triggered by events are:
A1: Serving cell becomes better than absolute threshold
A2: Serving cell becomes worse than absolute threshold
A3: Neighbor cell becomes better than an offset relative to
the serving cell
A4: Neighbor cell becomes better than absolute threshold
A5: Serving cell becomes worse than an absolute threshold
and neighbor cell becomes better than another absolute
threshold
 Handover in LTE
For inter-RAT mobility, the following event-triggered
reporting criteria are specified:
B1 (Inter-RAT): Neighbor cell becomes better than an
absolute
threshold
B2 (Inter-RAT): Serving cell becomes worse than an
absolute
threshold and neighbor cell becomes better than
another
absolute threshold
Connect Reconfiguration & HO in
LTE
LTE TDD & FDD
QoS Architecture
QoS Architecture