THE CELL CYCLE

AND CELL DIVISION

I G N MAYUN
HISTOLOGY DEPARTEMENT
 THE CELL CYCLE
Series of events within the cells
The cells prepare to cell division
This periode varies in time
The cell cycle consist of : interphase and
mitosis
Figure 3.27 The Cell Life Cycle

Figure 3.27
THE MAJOR EVENTS OF THE CELL
CYCLE
INTERPHASE A long period ----- about 95 %
The cell increases in size and content
G 1 phase
S phase
G 2 phase
MITOSIS
* Begins at the last of interphase
* A shorter periode
* About 5 % of the cycle
* The cell divides its nucleus and cytoplasm
 G 1 phase
The cells in normal function
Minimal changes in the cells
The periode of cell growth
RNA synthesis
The cell volume restored to normal
The nucleoli reestablished
The centrioles begin to duplicate
 INTERPHASE
CYCLIN AND CDKs
Plays the role to begin and advance through
the cell cycle
EARLY G 1 PHASE :
Cyclin D is synthesized
Binds to CDKs 4 and CDKs 6

LATE G 1 PHASE
Cyclin E is synthesized
Binds CDKs 2

In S phase cyclin A synthesized

Binds CDK 2 and CDK 1
 S phase
DNA synthesis occurs during the S phase
The genome is duplicated
The cell contains twice the normal
complement of DNA
Before S phase DNA in autosomal cells
diploid ( 2 n ) 4 n
G erm cells produce by m eiosis - >
haploid
- - - mount of DNA 1 n
 G 2 phase
The shortest period of the cycle
RNA and protein essential ----cell
div ision
Energ y for m itosis is stored
D NA replication is analy z ed
 CHECKPOINT
The quality control mechanism
To safeguard against early transition
The meticulous completion of essential
events
- adequate cell growth
- correct DNA synthesis
- chromosome segregation
 THE CELL DIVISION
Two kinds of the cell division

1. MITOSIS : result in formation of two

identical cells
2. MEIOSIS : special type of cell division
in formation gametes
Meiosis divided into :
Meiosis I : Reductional division
Meiosis II :Equatorial division
 MITOSIS
The end of the cell cycle
It composed of 5 stage:
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
 PROPHASE
DNA uncoiled, spread in cytoplas
DNA replikasi (during S phase )
DNA condense-- becom e v isible
m icroscopically - chrom atids joint at
centrom ere
 PROMETAPHASE
Nucleolus disappear
Nuclear envelope break down
Microtubules attached to the
kinetochores----mitotic spindle and polar
microtubules
Chromosomes begin move to equatorial
plate ---------- motor protein chromokinesin
 METAPHASE
Chromosomes maximally condensed
Lined up at equatorial plate
Mitotic spindles microtubules attached at
kinetochore
Sister chromatids aligns on the mitotic
spindle
 ANAPHASE

The sister chromatids separate

Begin to migrate to opposite poles
The cohesion protein between the
chromatids disappear
Cleavage furrow begins to form at
plasmalemma
Figure 3.29 Interphase, Mitosis,
and Cytokinesis

Figure 3.29a-d
Figure 3.29 Interphase, Mitosis,
and Cytokinesis

Figure 3.29e, f
 TELOPHASE
Terminal phase of the mitosis
Reconstruction of nucleus and nuclear
envelope
Cleavage furrow continues to deepen
The polar microtubules are surrounded by a
contractile ring
----actin and myosin filaments
This ring will contracts ----
separation
the cell
The separation of cytoplasm----
cytokinesis
 MEIOSIS

Special type of the cell division

Formation of gametes ( spermatozoa or
ova )
Begins at the conclusion of interphase
Amount of chromosomes become
haploid
 MEIOSIS
Divided
Divided into
into ::
## Meiosis
Meiosis II (( reductional
reductionaldivision
division))
-- the
thepairs
pairs of
of chromosomes
chromosomesseparated
separated
-- reducing
reducingthe the number
number from
from 2n
2ntoto1n
1n

## Meiosis
Meiosis IIII(( equatorial
equatorialdivision
division))
-- occurs
occurswithout
without DNA
DNAsynthesis
synthesis
-- proceeds
proceedsrapidly
rapidly through
through 44 phases
phases
-- to
toform
form 44daughter
daughter cells
cells---
--- haploid
haploid
 MEIOSIS I
Prophase I
Long time and subdivided into:
1 Leptotene ---chromosomes begin to
condense
2 zygotene ---make synapsis
3 pachytene ---chromosomes become
thicker and shorter ---chiasmata are
formed
4 diplotene---chromosomes begins to
separate
 Differentiation
Process of specialization

Results from inactivation of particular genes

Produces populations of cells with limited

capabilities
Differentiated cells form tissues