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Introduction to
drilling
Presented by: H.
Lahbiben
Introducion
Prediction Description
Geophysics
Petrophysics Geology
Reservoir
Drilling Computing
Performance Characterization
Engineering
Optimization
Introducion
What is drilling?
26in 17 in 12 in 8 in
6in
Introducion
Drill
17171/2
1/2
Hole
Hole Run 13 3/8 CSG
26 Hole 20 CSG
Drilling
mud
Cement
Drill12121/4
1/4Hole
Hole RunElectrical
Run 9 5/8 CSG
Log
26 Hole 20 CSG
Drilling
mud
Cement
Well profile
Introducion
Exploration well:
A well drills in the area with little known
geological information (No offset data,
very little geological and pressure data
available).
Development well:
Drilled to enter a known productive
portion of the reservoir. (Good offset
data available).
Introducion
GAS
OIL
WATER
Drilling rigs
Offshore
Onshore rigs
rig
Drilling rigs
Offshore rigs
Drilling rigs
Onshore rigs
Pipe
rack
Rig floor
V-
BOP Door
Drawwo
Rig rk
Pipe ramp
floor
Catwalk
Pipe rack
Drilling rigs
Onshore rigs
Drillers
21 pipe rack 1 crown block 11 mousehole
22 substructure 2 mast 12 rathole
23 mud return line 3 monkey board 13 drawworks
24 shale shaker 4 traveling block 14 weight indicator
25 choke manifold 5 hook 15 drillers console
26 mud gas separator 6 swivel 16 doghouse
27 degasser 7 elevators 17 rotary hose
28 reserve pit 8 kelly 18 accumulator unit
29 mud pits 9 kelly bushing 19 catwalk
30 desander 10 master bushing 20 pipe ramp
31 desilter
32 mud pumps
33 mud discharge lines
34 bulk mud components storage
35 mud house
36 water tank
37 fuel storage
38 engines and generators
39 drilling line
Drilling systems
Crown bloc
Active Line
Drawwork
Hook
Rotating system
Circulating system
Well control system
ANNULAR
TOP RAMS
BLIND RAMS
Choke line
VR plug
may be
installed
in casing
head
Power system
Drill string
Drill string is a mechanical linkage, connecting the drill
bit on bottom to the rotary drive system on the surface.
Most drilling components (e.g. drill collars) can be
treated as hollow cylinders.
Component
Drill pipes (DP)
Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA):
o Drill bit Drill
pipe
o Drill Collars String
o HWDP
o Stabilizer
o Drill jar
o Other: Mud motor / Turbine, MWD / LWD tools
BHA
BIT
Drill string
Functions of drill string
Torque)
Transmit hydraulics to clean the hole
the bit
Drill pipes (DP)
Tool Joints
Provide connections for the drill
string.
Separate pieces of metal welded to
the seamless tube.
Thick enough to have pin or box cut
into them.
Pin
Drill pipes (DP)
5/8
Grade: G-105, S135
G-105
Minimum yield strength = 105,000 psi
Drill pipes (DP)
DP class
DP
Bottom Hole Assembly - BHA
Functions of DCs
Types
Typically 4 to 9 OD
Most commonly in lengths of 30-31 feet
Spiral collars where there is chance of
getting stuck
Non magnetic DC NMDC- (in directional
drilling for MWD tools)
Connections: REG, NC, FH, H-90
BHA Heavy weight drill pipe
Functions od HWDP
BHA. point
Compression Design
Drill Collars and HWDP WOB
picked up to ensure
enough weight is WOB
available.
BHA Drill bits
Milled Tooth
Roller
Cone
TCI
Tungsten Carbide Inserts
PDC
Drill Bits Polyceistaline Diamond
Compact
Natural
Fixed Diamond
Cutter
Impregnate
Bi-centers
BHA Drill bits
Core Hybride
bit bit
BHA Drill bits
Roller Cone
BHA Drill bits
Roller Cone
Jet nozzels
BHA Drill bits
Roller Cone
Roller Cone
WOB
Cone
rotati
on Cutter
Formation
BHA Drill bits
Roller Cone
BHA Drill bits
Roller Cone
BHA Drill bits
PDC bits
PDC bits
Cuttings
19 mm 16 mm 13 mm
11 mm
8 mm
BHA Drill bits
PDC bits
Example:
Calculate the TFA of a PDC, where we have 3
nozzles of 10/32in & 2 nozzles of 12/32in.
BHA Drill bits classification
BHA Drill bits classification
BHA IADC Dull bit grading
BHA Stabilizers
Used as a fundamental
method of controlling the
directional behavior of most
BHAs.
Types:
Hydraulic jar
Mechanical jar
Mechanical-hydraulic jat
Hydra-Jar
BHA Other components
Cross-over
MWD/LWD tools
Under reamer
Turbine
...
Under reamer
BHA Basic Rotary Assembly
Typical configurations:
BHA Drill-string vibration
Typical vibrations:
Mud Flow System
Rig
floor
Mud
return Shale
shaker
Mud
pump
Drilling fluids
Pressure drop
PSI
= Surface Line friction
PSI
= Drillstring friction
PSI
+
= Bit (jet nozzle) friction
PSI
+
= Annulus friction
PSI
Drilling fluids
Mud content
1. Fluid Phase
. Water
. Oil
Physical properties
o Density or mud weight
o Viscosity
o Yield point
o Gel Strengths
o Fluid loss or filtration rate
Chemical properties
o pH
o Alkalinities, filtrate
o Alkalinity.
o Total hardness calcium and magnesium ions
o Calcium concentration calcium ion
o Total chloride ion
Drilling fluids Mud types
Mud types
Drilling fluids
Mud balance
Drilling fluids parameters
Weighting materials
Drilling fluids parameters
Buoyancy
Underbalance:
Mud pressure less than pressure on pore
fluids
Pressure gradient
Safe window:
Pore pressure < MW < Fracture gradientMW
Fracture
Pressure
Pore
Pressure
Drilling fluids parameters -Rheology
2) Viscosity
. It is the internal resistance of a fluid to
flow.
. How thick or thin drilling fluid it is.
. Drilling fluids are non-Newtonian:
o)Lower viscosity at high-shear rates
o)Higher viscosity at low-shear rates
2) Viscosity
a) Marsh Funnel
. Reported as funnel viscosity,
measures the apparent
viscosity.
. Calibration water at 21 C
(70 F) = 26 sec/qt
Drilling fluids parameters -Rheology
2) Viscosity
b) Rheometer
. Direct reading viscometer
of Plastic viscosity (PV).
3) Yield point - YP
. A measure of the force or stress required to get the
drilling fluid to start flowing from stationary. Used to
evaluate the ability of mud to lift cuttings out of the
annulus.
4) Gel strength
. Gel strength is the ability of the mud to
suspend cuttings while pumps are off.
. Procedure:
o) 3 inch diameter of filter paper placed in the
bottom of pressure cell (build up of filter cake).
o) 100psi applied to the column of pressure cell using
air compressor.
o) Amount of filtrate collected for 30 minutes,
API filter
(ml/30min).
pressure
1) Low filtrate volume Thinner cakes,
good fluid loss control in mud.
2) High filtrate volume Thicker cake,
must treat mud to minimize fluid loss.
. Wall sealing.
Drilling fluids parameters -Rheology
FILTER
FORMATION
CAKE
DRILLING
FLUID
FILTRATE
INVASION
Drilling fluids
Flow regime
Drilling fluids
Pressure control
HP (psi) = MW (ppg) x
0.052 x TVD (ft)
Hydrostatic pressure
There is no
difference
Drilling fluids
Pressure APL
ESD= 0.052TVD
ECD=ESD+
ESD 0.052TVD
APL: Annular Pressure
Loss
More
Losses Losses
Cuttings Cuttings
ESD Mud ECD Mud
Drilling fluids
but an actual
pressure
measurement is
always preferable.
Close monitoring is
Drilling fluids
Drilling fluids
Factors affecting
ECD
Hole cleaning
Mud rheology (PV)
Drilling fluids
Mud
agitator
Drilling fluids
Mixing
Mud pits
Mud Mixer-Hopper
Mud pits
Drilling fluids
Drilling fluids
Hole cleaning
Drilling fluids
Hole cleaning
Drilling fluids Lost circulation
Drilling fluids Lost circulation
Lost circulation
Refers to loss of whole mud to the formation
SEEPAGE
< 10 bbl/hr
Loss
PARTIAL
10-20 bbl/hr
Loss
TOTA HEAVY
20-40 bbl/hr
L Loss
LCM (Loss Circulation Material)
losse
Seal off any fracturedSEVERE
zone. >40 bbl/hr
Commonly used Loss
s LCM include are
o fibrous (cedar bark, shredded cane stalks,
mineral fiber & hair),
o flaky (mica flakes & pieces of plastic or
cellophane sheeting)
o or granular (ground & sized limestone or
marble, wood, nut hulls, Formica, corncobs
Drilling fluids Lost circulation
Loss treatments
Filter cake
Overbalance
pressure Mud
Drill pipe
Stuck pipe Mechanical
OVERPULL!!
UNCONSOLIDATED FORMATION
FRACTURED FORMATION
Well control
1/ PREVENTING A KICK
OR
2/ SHUTTING IN THE WELL AFTER A
KICK HAS BEEN TAKEN
Drillers method:
Well control
Drillers method:
5. Directional Drilling
Inaccessible Locations
2- 6/100ft
1000-3000ft radiu
6- 60/100ft
125-700ft radiu
1.5- 3/ft
20-40ft radiu
Long Radius Medium Radius
Short Radius
5. Directional Drilling - Well
Trajectory
Slant well S well J well
KOP
Bui
ld
Hol
d
Dro
p
TVD, ft
End of build (EOB) point in well
where inclination and generally Tangent or Hold
azimuth is built to and then the
well is held at that inclination and
azimuth
Hold section also called Tangent Drop
Section
Drop off point (DOP) point in well
where path is dropped from the
hold section, essentially a
negative KOP
Target point in space beneath Departure, ft
5. Directional Drilling
What Is Directional
Surveying?
Is the method used to obtain the measurements
needed to calculate and plot in 3-D dimensions
the path of a wellbore.
These parameters are measured at multiple
places along the well path:
Azimuth (Hole Direction)
Inclination
Measured Depth
We use MWD tools for measuring / transmitting
surveying data
MWD is like a Downhole GPS
5. Directional Drilling - Terms Used in Survey
Calculations Well reference point O.
Surface location reference point S.
Survey - measurement of the inclination, azimuth, and depth
of a station in the borehole.
Vertical section plane a vertical plane on which the
surface and target or point of interest lay.
Azimuth - Azm indicator a:- Direction of a course
measured in a clockwise direction from 0- 360 referred to
North; also bearing.
Inclination - Inc angle in degrees from vertical.
Measured Depth - MD Distance between two points
measured along the well path.
True Vertical Depth - TVD Distance from S to O The
actual vertical depth of an inclined wellbore.
Horizontal displacement - HD For points B3 and B it
is the distance from O to B1 on the horizontal plane.
Horizontal section Distance between two points in the well
projected onto a horizontal plane.
Vertical section VS - Distance from B3 to B2 A
projection of the borehole into a vertical plane parallel to the
course bearing or azimuth and scaled with vertical depth.
Dog Leg Severity DLS, change in angle and/or direction
over a standard distance, commonly 100 feet or 30 meters.
KB/RKB Rig Kelly Bushing. A point of reference from the
known ground level.
5. Directional Drilling -
Telemetry
Measurement While Drilling
(MWD) tools
North ????
We have three references of North:
Angle of
Declination
TN
M
N
G
N G
D
ND
5. Directional Drilling -
Telemetry
MWD Transmission of data
Mud pulse
Electromagnetic
5. Directional Drilling -
Telemetry
5. Directional Drilling -
Telemetry
Toolfa
ce
Whipstock
Jetting
Rotary stabilized BHA
PDM with bent housing
(steerable)
Rotary steerable systems
(RSS)
5. Directional Drilling Deflection tools
Whipstock
An older method of kicking off
the well
Can start to deviate the well or
sidetrack from inside casing
5. Directional Drilling Deflection tools
Jetting
A jetting bit has a large nozzle instead of the 3rd
cone, can run 1 large + 2 small nozzles instead.
Pump at high rate in one place hole washes
away at one side.
Limited to medium-softer & shallower formations.
The large jet nozzle is the "toolface".
5. Directional Drilling Deflection tools
Jetting
A jetting bit has a large nozzle
instead of the 3rd cone, can
run 1 large + 2 small nozzles
instead.
Pump at high rate in one
place hole washes away at
one side.
Limited to medium-softer &
shallower formations.
5. Directional Drilling Deflection tools
PDM
Contoure Ribbed
d Stator Elastome
Tube r
Low speed
5. Directional Drilling Deflection tools
Turbine
Rotary Steerable
System RSS
Rotary Steerable
System RSS
Unit it
Bias t rol Un
Con
Rotary Steerable
System RSS
5. Directional Drilling
100% cement
50% cement
50% formation
side force
100% formation
CMT Plug
Casing
Introduction
Functions of casing
Types of casing string
Classification of casing
Basic casing design
Detailed casing Design
Effect of tension on collapse
resistance
What is it?
the wellbore,
Isolating the different formations to prevent
water formations
Conductor
Opening hole to surface Common sizes:
Isolate loose formations 30 - 20 Welded
Cover aquifer. Shallow gas 20 - 16 Threaded
Surface casing
Support well head and BOP Common sizes:
Isolate loose formations 20 - 9 5/8 threaded
Cover aquifer. Shallow gas
Intermediate / production
casing
Seal of abnormal pressure Common sizes:
Unstable formation. Loss formation 13 3/8, 10 3/4, 9 5/8 threaded
Give production annulus
Hang of liner, Install production packer
Liner
Some isolation Common sizes:
Optimal production 4 , 5, 7 threaded
Selection perforating
Principal Types of Casing
Well with 5 casings Well with 4 casings
30 Conductor 18 5/8
13-3/8
13-3/8
Intermediate
9-5/8
Intermediate
9-5/8
Intermediate
Reservoir
7 Production 156
casing
Classification of Casing
OD: 7
ID= OD - 2t =
Wall thickness (t):
6.456
0.272
API recommanded
dimensions for drift
mandrels (API Spec. 5CT,
1992.)
Classification of Casing
Material grade
Steel quality
(heat treatment)
J-55
Minimum yield strength = 55,000 psi
Classification of Casing
Classification of Casing
Classification of Casing
Classification of Casing
Pipe weight
It is the weight per unit length in Ib/ft.
There are three weights used:
Nominal Weight: Based on the theoretical calculated
weight per foot for a 20 ft length of threaded and
coupled casing joint.
Plain End Weight: The weight of the casing joint
without the threads and couplings.
Threaded & Coupled Weight (or Average Weight): The
weight of a casing joint with threads on both ends
and a coupling at one end
Where :
Fair : Casing weight in air Fair = Nominal weight x CSG Length
BF: Buoyancy factor BF = 1 [MW (ppg) / 65.4] or BF = 1 [MW
(sg) / 7.85]
Round thread
API spec 5B Buttress thread
Extreme line
Tenaris Blue
Tenaris Family family
Antares family
Premiu NKK family
m VAM Family SEC
Atlas Bradford
Boss
Hunting Intl
HSLA
Multiseal/two
step
API casing thread types
Connections represent less than 3% of the pipe length & 10-50% of the
total tubular costs.
More than 90% of pipe failures occur in the connection.
The limit: leakage, thread jump out, thread shear, and tensile failure.
Include short round thread, long round thread, buttress, and extreme-
line.
CSG joint
Coupling
or CSG
collar
CSG joint
Classification of Casing
Casing Threads and Couplings
Basic Casing design
Preliminary Design
Identify
Well bore fluid densities
Casing diameters
Determine Lowest hole section
From lowest hole section bit
size, next casing string up must
have an ID which allows this bit
size to be passed.
Forces acting
on casing
Depth
Safety factors
Typical design factors:
Tension: API Recommends at least 1.8
Where: highest at top joint
Design: add bending forces, shock loads
Bulk Plant
Silos, WBB, Compressor, Dust
Collector
Diesel Engine
6. Cementing - Mixing & Surface equipment
6. Cementing - Accessory
Single Stage
Centralizer
Float Collar
Shoe
Pumping Wash
Wash
Pumping Wash
Wash
Pumping Spacer
Pumping Spacer
Pumping Spacer
Spacer
Pumping Spacer
Spacer
Pumping Spacer
Spacer
Pumping Spacer
Spacer
Releasing Bottom Plug
Bottom Plug
Mixing and Pumping Slurry
Mixing and Pumping Slurry
Cement Slurry
Mixing and Pumping Slurry
Cement Slurry
Mixing and Pumping Slurry
Cement Slurry
Mixing and Pumping Slurry
Cement Slurry
Mixing and Pumping Slurry
Cement Slurry
Mixing and Pumping Slurry
Cement Slurry
Bottom Plug
Diaphragm Broken
Releasing Top Plug
Displacement
Displacement
Displacement
Displacement
Displacement
Displacement
Bumping the Plug
6. Cementing Cement plug
Cement plugs are set for 4 primary
reasons:
plug
the well
The Balanced Cement Plug method Consider spotting viscous pill below the
aims, at the time of placement, equal cement plugs planned depth in any of the
height of cement in both the inside of following situations:
The density differential between the
drill pipe (stinger) and annulus mud and cement is substantial (say
more than 2 ppg)
The hole is deviated
The hole size is large