Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Michel Duval
1
Risk of failure of transformers
2
The most dangerous faults:
3
The less-dangerous faults:
4
The non-dangerous faults:
5
Identification of faults:
6
Limitations of CO and CO2:
7
Limitations of CO and CO2:
8
Duval Triangle 4 (updated 2012)
Zones:
-S: stray gassing of oil (T<200C).
Zones:
10
Use of Triangles 5 and 4:
11
11
Use of Triangles 5 and 4:
14
Transformer aging
15
Transformer aging
16
Transformer aging
18
18
Gas limits in service
19
19
Effect of type of faults on gas limits
21
21
Occurrence of types of faults in service:
22
22
Examples of high gas formation
without failure
current transformer
with 6400 ppm C2H4!
24
24
Effect of fault type on CIGRE condition 4
-to confirm these values, other examples of the following fault cases
would be needed:
-arcing faults D1/D2 in oil with high levels of C2H2 and no failure,
-arcing faults D1/D2 in paper just before failure,
-thermal faults T1, T2 and T3 in paper with high levels of C2H4, C2H6 or
CH4 and no failure.
-please email such examples to duvalm@ireq.ca.
25
25
Application of DGA to LTCs
26
Application of DGA to LTCs
27
Normal gas formation/ operation of LTCs
May involve:
-arc-breaking-in-oil between contacts, switching of
selectors and valves, with the formation of arcing
gases D1(C2H2).
28
Normal gas formation/ operation of LTCs
29
Faulty or abnormal gas formation/ operation of LTCs
31
The Duval Triangle 2 for LTCs of type I
32
The Duval Triangle 2 for LTCs of type I
33
Example of normal and faulty operation
of LTCs of type I
34
Example of normal and faulty operation
of LTCs of type I
35
Example of normal and faulty operation
of LTCs of type I
36
Example of normal and faulty operation
of LTCs of type I
37
Example of normal and faulty operation
of LTCs of type I
38
Example of normal and faulty operation
of LTCs of type I
39
Example of normal and faulty operation
of LTCs of type I
40
The Duval Triangles 2a-2e
for LTCs of type II
42
The Duval Triangles 2a-e
for LTCs of type II
44
The Duval Triangles 2a-e
for LTCs of type II
49
Oil Tap G (2e)
51
Triangle 2 applied to large databases by J.Dukarm
52
Triangle 2 applied to large databases by J.Dukarm
53
Equivalence between
Triangles 2 and 2-gas ratios
54
On-line gas monitors
55
On-line gas monitors
56
Reliability of DGA results
57
57
Reliability of DGA results
58
58
Reliability of DGA results
59
59
Reliability of DGA results
60
60