EQT Study Guide

Answer Key
1. Give the common names and
functions for each of the following:
1.Earythrocytes (red blood cells) carry and
remove O2 and CO2 from body
2.Thrombocytes (platelets) clot wounds and stop
bleeding
3.Leukocytes (white blood cells) fight disease
and pathogens
2. Name the 4 blood types

1.A
2.B
3.AB
4.O
3. Which of the following is the yellow liquid
in which blood cells are suspended?

A. Platelets
B. Plasma
C. Proteins
D. Phenolphthalein
4. List the 3 genes that contribute to
blood type.

1. A
2. B
3. O
5. The combinations of genes for blood type A are
AA and AO. List the combinations of genes for the
following blood types:

1. B:
1. BB and/or BO
2. AB:
1. AB
3. O
1. OO
6. O type blood can be given to any other
blood types. O type blood is considered:

A.Universal recipient
B.Universal donor
6. People with AB type blood can get blood from
other blood type. AB type blood is considered:

A.Universal recipient
B.Universal donor
8. Blood types are identified as Rh positive (+) or
Rh negative (-). How is this determined? Hint:
Rhesus Monkey

If a person has the Rh protein (discovered in

Rhesus Monkeys) they are positive. If its
absent, they are negative.
9. How much blood does an adult
human have?

About 5 Liters
10. What role does hemoglobin play
at a crime scene?
(part of blood that carries/bonds with
O2)

Reacts with tests such as

phenolphthalein
11. What information does blood contain
that can link a person to a crime scene?

DNA!!!

Also, blood type can be useful to narrow

down suspects
12. There are 3 types of bloodstains.
Name and describe each.
1. Passive (from gravity)
Ex: pools, drops, drips
2. Projected (force)
EX: stabbed, castoff, bludgeon, hit, shot
3. Transfer AKA contact (bloody surface touches
another)
EX: hand or shoe print
13. What does the acronym BPA
stand for?
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
14. Phenolphthalein, luminol, and fluorescine
are all chemicals used for what purpose?

Detection of blood
15. If a person is Rh+, what kind of
blood can they receive?
Both positive and negative blood
16. If a person is Rh-, what kind of
blood can they receive?
ONLY negative blood
17. Label the following diagram of
blood spatter

spines

Satellite spatter

Parent drop
18. In reference to blood spatter, what
does the term angle of impact mean?
The angle a blood droplet strikes a surface
(90 degrees=circle)
19.

Name the most abundant blood type

O

Name the least abundant blood type

AB

Remember this is only for the US, not other countries

 20. Fill in the following diagrams with the blood
types that can receive blood from those indicated

A
O

B AB B
A AB AB AB
 21. Rh positive and Rh negative
diagrams.

O+ O-
O-

A+ O-

A- O+
A+
B+
O+ AB-
B+
B-
AB+ AB+
22. What are the 3 components of
DNA?

A base
A sugar
A phosphate
23. What is the sugar found in DNA?

(deoxyribose)
24. Name the four bases found in
DNA?

A adenine
T thymine
C cytosine
G guanine
25. Nuclear DNA can only be found in
cells that have this structure

A nucleus!!!
26. What is the ONLY type of blood
cell DNA can be found in? Why?
DNA is only found in White blood cells
WBCs because it has a nucleus (red
doesnt have a nucleus)
27. What is the purpose of DNA
typing?
To create a pattern that can be
compared for ID
28. What is another name for DNA
typing?
DNA Fingerprinting
29. What is the MAIN idea of RFLP

DNA is cut into fragments and sorted

based on size through electrophoresis
30. What is the main idea of this type
of PCR?
PCR creates copies of DNA from very
small sample sizes so it can be tested
many times
31. What is the MAIN idea of
electrophoresis?
An electric current carries smaller
fragments of DNA farther along the gel,
creating a pattern used for comparison
32. What is the main idea of STR?

Certain loci are compared on

chromosomes (instead of the entire DNA
strand)
33. There are 3 possible outcomes to DNA
fingerprinting. Name and DESCRIBE each

1. Match both patterns are alike

2. Inconclusive you cannot tell based on
the pattern
3. Exclusion the patterns do not match
34. What are the 2 types of DNA and
what does each contain?
1. Nuclear DNA
Contains both mother and fathers genetic
info
2. Mitochondrial DNA
Contains the mothers DNA only
35. Label the diagram below. Label bases,
and 2 parts of the DNA backbone.

phosphate
deoxyribose
Sugar

C A C T
A G A
G A C G

T G
T G C C C
T G
T A
36. What is forensic anthropology?

The study of human remains (usually for

ID)
37. Which bones are used in sex
determination and how?
Pelvis (females=wider angle)
Skull (males=larger brow bone)
Ribs (males= wider and sometimes 1
extra)
38. What is rigor mortis?

Means stiff death (skeletal muscles

become stiff)
39. When does rigor mortis set in?

3 to 4 hrs after death

40. When does rigor mortis end?

30 to 36 hrs after death

41. What is livor mortis?

Settling of RBCs that leads to a purplish

skin color
42. What is algor mortis?

The cooling of the body after death

43. How many bones does the adult
human have?
206
44. How are cranial sutures used to
determine age?
They close at certain ages
In males at 35
In females at 50
45. How is the skull used in race
determination?
The shape of the orbit and nasal cavity
Negriod = wider, more square
Caucasoid = narrow, oval
Mongoloid = rounded, small
 Cranium
46. Label the skeleton
mandible
Clavicle
Rib cage

Humerus
vertebrae

Carpals radius
ulna
Metacarpals
phalanges
Femur
Os pubis

Patella

Fibula
Tibia

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Know the common names for those
bones
Cranium (skull)
Mandible (jaw)
Clavicle (collarbone)
Carpals (wrists)
Metacarpals (hands)
Phalanges (fingers and toes)
Vertebrae (backbone)
Os pubis (pelvisincludes ilium and ischium)
Femur (thigh)
Patella (knee cap)
Tibia (shin)
Tarsals (ankle)
Metatarsals (feet)
47. What are the 4 stages of
decomposition?
1. Fresh
2. Bloat
3. Active Decay
4. Advanced Decay
48. How long until the body begins to
bloat?
3-4 days
49. How long can brain cells survive
after death?
3-7 minutes
50. Speed of decay can be influenced
by
Temperature (hot=speeds, cold=slows)
Atmosphere (dry=slows, humid=speeds)
insects/animals (many=speeds,
absence=slows)
51. PMI is short for:

Post Mortem Interval

Time between death and discovery

52. What is the scientific name for:

A. Flies Diptera
B. Beetles Coleoptera
53. Label the Blow Fly life cycle chart
Adult

Pupa Eggs

3rd 1st instar

instar larvae
larvae

2nd instar larvae

54. What are the four classes of
drugs we learned about?

1.Stimulants
2.Depressants
3.Narcotics
4.Hallucinogens
55.

OOPS ! Its missing!

56. OTC stands for

Over the counter (ex aspirin)

57. If a living organism produces a
poison, its called a(n)

Toxin (ex: poison dart frog, hemlock)

58. The liquid in the eye that can be
tested in toxicology is the

Vitreous humor
59. Two substances are produced
from the poppy flower. These are

Opium and morphine

Heroine is derived from those, so

technically, its from the poppy flower
too
60. A substance chemically produced
from a fungus is called (hallucinogen)

LSD

AKA acid
61. Lethal Dose, LD50, means that

Within 4 hours, half the population

will die at that dosage
62. A gaseous, flammable substance
that poisons you is called a

Volatile
63. Pink skin indicates this type of
poisoning

Carbon MONOXIDE

CO
64. What symptoms do stimulants
cause?

Increased HR and BP, anxiety,

agitation
65. What symptoms do depressants
cause?

Slowed reactions and breathing, CNS

slows down
66. What symptoms do hallucinogens
cause?

Visual and auditory disturbances

(see/hear things)
67. What is a narcotic?

Pain killer
68. Give examples of narcotics

Tylenol, Norcos, oxycodone, heroine

69. Give examples of hallucinogens

LSD, ecstasy, peyote, mushrooms

70. Give examples of stimulants

Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, meth

71. What is the most commonly used
stimulant?
Caffeine
72. Give examples of depressants

Alcohol, Valium, Tranquilizers

73. What type of testing can be used to detect
poisons by separating them based on their
molecular size?

Chromatography
74. Substances such as gas, paint thinner, and
alcohol accelerate burning processes. They are
known as

Accelerants
75. When a fire is deliberately
started, it is called
Arson
76. Show the three elements needed to
produce a fire on the fire triangle below

Oxygen

Heat source Fuel

77. Noticeable patterns created by
fire as it burns is called:
Burn patterns or char patters (very hot)
78. The lowest temp to which a substance must be
heated in order for it to give off vapors to burn
when ignited is called the

Flash point