A.

The second messenger is cAMP

2 -Adrenergic catecholamines
-Adrenergic catecholamines
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Calcitonin
Chorionic gonadotropin, human (CG)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Glucagon
Lipotropin (LPH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Somatostatin
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
 B. The second messenger is cGMP
Atrial natriuretic factor
Nitric oxide
C. The second messenger is calcium or phosphatidylinositols (or both)
Acetylcholine (muscarinic)
1 -Adrenergic catecholamines
Angiotensin II
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Cholecystokinin
Gastrin
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Oxytocin
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Substance P
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
 D. The second messenger is a kinase or phosphatase cascade
Adiponectin
Chorionic somatomammotropin
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
Growth hormone (GH)
Insulin
Insulin-like growth factors I and II
Leptin
Nerve growth factor (NGF)
Platelet-derived growth factor
Prolactin
TABLE 414 General Features of Hormone Classes
Group I Group II
Types Steroids,
iodothyronines,
calcitriol, retinoids
Polypeptides,
proteins,
glycoproteins,
catecholamines
Solubility Lipophilic Hydrophilic
Transport proteins Yes No
Plasma half-life Long (hours to days) Short (minutes)
Receptor Intracellular Plasma membrane
Mediator Receptor-hormone
complex
cAMP, cGMP,
Ca 2+ , metabolites
of complex
phosphinositols,
kinase cascades
but closely related functions. For e
G- Proteins
Guanine nucleotide binding proteins which act as a
Transducer between a receptor & an effector

Discovered by Alfred Gilman & Martin Rodbell in 1990

Significance:

Of the top 100 drugs,

26 directed at GPCRs
60 % act through GPCRs
40 % of prescriptions
3rd largest family of genes (865)
Present in almost every organ system
Structure:

Embedded in the plasma

membrane Lysozyme
insert
7 transmembrane -helices

Rhodopsin was first of these

to have its structure confirmed
by
X-ray crystallography
ligand
-Adrenergic
Receptor
PDB 2RH1
Binding Domains

Small molecular ligands

bind to sites within the
hydrophobic core formed by

transmembrane helices

Protein and peptide

agonists
bind to N terminus &
extracellular hydrophilic
loops joining the
transmembrane domain

G-proteins bind either to

second and third
cytoplasmic loop which is
largest or to carboxy
terminus