UPB / ETTI

O.DROSU
Electrical Engineering 2
Lecture 11:
Electromagnetic Power Flow;
Reflection And Transmission
Of Normally and Obliquely
Incident Plane Waves; Useful
Theorems
1
 Lecture 11 Objectives
To study electromagnetic power
flow; reflection and transmission
of normally and obliquely
incident plane waves; and some
useful theorems.

Lecture 11
2
 Flow of
Electromagnetic Power
Electromagnetic waves transport throughout
space the energy and momentum arising from
a set of charges and currents (the sources).
If the electromagnetic waves interact with
another set of charges and currents in a
receiver, information (energy) can be delivered
from the sources to another location in space.
The energy and momentum exchange between
waves and charges and currents is described
by the Lorentz force equation.

Lecture 11
3
Derivation of Poyntings
Theorem
Poyntings theorem concerns the
conservation of energy for a
given volume in space.
Poyntings theorem is a
consequence of Maxwells
equations.

Lecture 11
4


E
iH

B
tJD
K c
Derivation of Poyntings
Theorem in the Time
Domain (Contd)
Time-Domain Maxwells curl
equations in differential form

5
Lecture 11


EEH
H HEK
Domain (Contd)

E
E
JiH
K
Derivation of Poyntings
Theorem in the Time

Recall a vector identity

Furthermore,

6

Jc
H

H
ED
tB
Lecture 11
E
EH

H

E
iH
JK


K
c
JE
H
B
tD
Derivation of Poyntings
Theorem in the Time
Domain (Contd)

7
Lecture 11
VE
Ji

K
H idVHEM
v

cdtv
D
H tEHVEJcdv
V

B d v
Derivation of Poyntings
Theorem in the Time
Domain (Contd)

Integrating over a volume V bounded by
a closed surface S, we have

8
Lecture 11
VE
Ji

K
H idVHEM
v

cdtv
D
H tHsVEJcdv
SE

B
Theorem in the Time
Domain (Contd)

d
Derivation of Poyntings

v
Using the divergence theorem, we
obtain the general form of Poyntings
theorem

9
Lecture 11
 Ji

H K
id
vA

tSAtVE12HttdAs2tdv
VE
Derivation of Poyntings
Theorem in the Time
Domain
For simple,

Note that

10
(Contd)
E
lossless media, we have

Lecture 11
H


VE
Ji
K
H idSEtVH2Eds2Hdv

v
1 2
Derivation of Poyntings
Theorem in the Time
Domain (Contd)
Hence, we have the form of

1 2
Poyntings theorem valid in simple,
lossless media:

11
Lecture 11


E
jH


j

H
E



K
J
i
jm
Derivation of Poyntings
Theorem in the Frequency
Domain (Contd)
Time-Harmonic Maxwells curl equations
in differential form for a simple medium

12
Lecture 11
VE
Ji

K
H vi
d
E
V
j 1
Vdv22VmH22dvSEdvHds
E 21
Derivation of Poyntings
Theorem in the Frequency
Domain (Contd)

H2
Poyntings theorem for a simple
medium

13
Lecture 11


E
2

d
v
H
d
v
2
m
VV
Physical Interpretation
of the Terms in
Poyntings
The terms
Theorem

represent the instantaneous power

dissipated in the electric and
magnetic conductivity losses,
respectively, in volume V.
14
Lecture 11


E
2
VV2dv

H
dv
Physical Interpretation of
the Terms in Poyntings
Theorem (Contd)
The terms

represent the instantaneous power

dissipated in the polarization and
magnetization losses,
respectively, in volume V.
15
Lecture 11


wm212

ew 1 E
H
2
2
Physical Interpretation of
the Terms in Poyntings
Theorem (Contd)
Recall that the electric energy
density is given by

Recall that the magnetic energy

density is given by

16
Lecture 11


V12E12
2 H
dv
2
Physical Interpretation of
the Terms in Poyntings
Theorem (Contd)
Hence, the terms

represent the total electromagnetic

energy stored in the volume V.

17
Lecture 11


EHds
S
Physical Interpretation of
the Terms in Poyntings
Theorem (Contd)
The term

represents the flow of instantaneous

power out of the volume V
through the surface S.

18
Lecture 11


EJHKdv
iVi
Physical Interpretation of
the Terms in Poyntings
Theorem (Contd)
The term

represents the total electromagnetic

energy generated by the sources in the
volume V.

19
Lecture 11
VEJ2idvH

VK2VS2
v
miH

j
d 1ds2

E
H
1
Physical Interpretation of
the Terms in Poyntings
Theorem (Contd)

2 H 2 VE2H2dv

0dv
In words the Poynting vector can be
stated as The sum of the power generated by
the sources, the imaginary power (representing
the time-rate of increase) of the stored electric
and magnetic energies, the power leaving, and
the power dissipated in the enclosed volume is
equal to zero.

20
Lecture 11


SE

H
Poynting Vector in the
Time Domain
We define a new vector called the
(instantaneous) Poynting vector as
The Poynting vector
has units of W/m2.

The Poynting vector has the same direction

as the direction of propagation.
The Poynting vector at a point is equivalent to
the power density of the wave at that point.

21
Lecture 11


TSr,td
Sr
1
T
avp0
p
Time-Average Poynting
Vector
The time-average Poynting
vector can be computed from the
instantaneous Poynting vector as

period of the wave

22
Lecture 11


Savr2R
1 H
eE*
Vector (Contd)

Time-Average Poynting

The time-average Poynting

vector can also be computed as

23
phasors

Lecture 11


H
Ez
e
E



z
j
xy0cz
Time-Average Poynting
Vector for a Uniform
Plane Wave
Consider a uniform plane wave
traveling in the +z-direction in a
lossy medium:

24
Lecture 11


S
1 R

ea2E
H
avz02
e

E
R
a
*
2ze

2
0
2
z
2aE
R
e*
2
z2z0 1
z
cos
Time-Average Poynting
Vector for a Uniform Plane
Wave (Contd)
The time-average Poynting
vector is

25
Lecture 11


0
Savaz2
E2
0
Time-Average Poynting
Vector for a Uniform Plane
Wave (Contd)
For a lossless medium, we have

26
Lecture 11
 Reflection and
Transmission of Waves at
Planar Interfaces
medium 1 medium 2
incident wave
transmitted wave

reflected wave

Lecture 11
27
 Normal Incidence on a
Lossless Dielectric
Consider both medium 1 and medium
2 to be lossless dielectrics.
Let us place the boundary between the
two media in the z = 0 plane, and
consider an incident plane wave which
is traveling in the +z-direction.
No loss of generality is suffered if we
assume that the electric field of the
incident wave is in the x-direction.
Lecture 11
28
 1,E

11,

,H
0
1E
2
x

0
2H
2
2
Normal Incidence on a
Lossless Dielectric
(Contd)
medium 1

z=0
29
medium 2

Lecture 11


E

a

x
1
E
e
i
0
z
z
i
y
1
1
1
i1H


j
aE
i
0
1
e


j
z
1
Normal Incidence on a
Lossless Dielectric
(Contd)
Incident wave known

30
Lecture 11


a
E
rH r1
E
x1 z
0e
jE

z
1ay
r
E
e1
r
0

j
z
Normal Incidence on a

Reflected wave

1
Lossless Dielectric
(Contd)
unknown

31
Lecture 11


E

a

x
E
e
t
0
z
2

1
t2H


j
a
z
t
2
E
t
0
y
2
e


j
z
2
2
Normal Incidence on a
Lossless Dielectric
(Contd)
Transmitted wave
unknown

32
Lecture 11


E
H
H
E
a
E e

Ee

jz

jz
1irxyi011r01
1
j1z
1
Normal Incidence on a
Lossless Dielectric
(Contd)
The total electric and magnetic
fields in medium 1 are

33
Lecture 11


E
2
tH ty
axE 0e


j
z
2
2
Normal Incidence on a

2
Lossless Dielectric
(Contd)
The total electric and magnetic
fields in medium 2 are

34
Lecture 11


Hz0EH
E 1 2z
0

Normal Incidence on a
Lossless Dielectric
(Contd)
To determine the unknowns Er0 and
Et0, we must enforce the BCs at z = 0:

35
Lecture 11
E

2

1
r
0
1
E
,r01i0E
E E
i
0 t
0
2
t0
2
E
2
i10
Normal Incidence on a
Lossless Dielectric
(Contd)
From the BCs

or

36
we have

Lecture 11


E
i0



i
tE
r
02
2
1
2
Reflection and

1
Transmission
Coefficients
Define the reflection coefficient as

Define the transmission coefficient as

37
Lecture 11
 Note

1
also that

1,02
1
Reflection and
Transmission
Coefficients (Contd)
The definitions of the reflection and
transmission coefficients do generalize
to the case of lossy media.
For lossless media, and are real.

For lossy media, and are complex.

38
Lecture 11
 Traveling Waves and
Standing Waves
The total field in medium 1 is
partially a traveling wave and
partially a standing wave.
The total field in medium 2 is a
pure traveling wave.

Lecture 11
39
 a1


E
E
a
Ee
j2sinz
e
ij0
1xii0rx
j
1z
jz
1
j

j
z
1z1
11z
Traveling Waves and
Standing Waves
(Contd)
The total electric
1 is given by

traveling
wave
field in medium

40
standing
wave
Lecture 11
10,

,
10

1


4

33
0
12
0

,
2
2
0

,
0
2
Traveling Waves and
Standing Waves:
Example
x

medium 1

z=0
41
medium 2

Lecture 11
Traveling Waves and
Standing Waves:
Example (Contd)
1.4

1.3

1.2
Normalized E feld

1.1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
z/ 0
Lecture 11
42


SSz1mainx312
E1
Standing Wave Ratio
The standing wave ratio is defined as

In this example, we have

43
Lecture 11

SS
1
R
2

e
E
H
S
S
a
E


2
a12
E *
Time-Average Poynting
Vectors

44
i02
aaavvv1iraviiravirr*zzz122i0i1022
Lecture 11
1

S2R
S

a
v
2
2
1

1
a
v
t 1 2

eE
H a E
11 421
1
22 2
1
1
t
2
Time-Average Poynting
Vectors (Contd)

We note that

45


12
*
t
2
1
2

2z
2
Lecture 11


2
1
2
i
0
2
2
1
1


SorS
a
v1 a
v2
aviavravt
Time-Average Poynting
Vectors (Contd)
Hence,

Power is conserved at the interface.

46
Lecture 11
 E1,
1
z
i
E
0
rE

r
i

2
2
,
Oblique Incidence at a

t
Dielectric Interface

t
Lecture 11
47
Excoszsine
j
k
itr00itritrx
si
n iz
c
o
jk2xsint
1 rs
zcost
i
Oblique Incidence at a

r
Dielectric Interface: Parallel
Polarization (TM to z)

48
Lecture 11



c
o

2


s
2
t
2
c
o
1
i
s
i
2t1i
Oblique Incidence at a
Dielectric Interface: Parallel
Polarization (TM to z)

49
Lecture 11

Ey
e
j
k
itr00
xs
in z
r
c
o
jk2xsint
1 i s
zcost
i r
Oblique Incidence at a
Dielectric Interface:
Perpendicular Polarization (TE
to z)

50
Lecture 11



c
o

2


s
2
i
2
c
o
1
i
s
t
2i1t
Oblique Incidence at a
Dielectric Interface:
Perpenidcular Polarization
(TM to z)

51
Lecture 11
 Brewster Angle
The Brewster angle is a special
angle of incidence for which
=0.
Fordielectric media, a Brewster
angle can occur only for parallel
polarization.

Lecture 11
52
 Critical Angle
The critical angle is the largest
angle of incidence for which k2 is
real (i.e., a propagating wave
exists in the second medium).
For
dielectric media, a critical
angle can exist only if 1>2.

Lecture 11
53
 Some Useful Theorems
The reciprocity theorem
Image theory

The uniqueness theorem

Lecture 11
54
 magnetic

55


Image Theory for Current
Elements above a Infinite, Flat,
Perfect Electric Conductor
electric
actual
sources

images

Lecture 11
h

h
magnetic

56


m
Image Theory for Current
Elements above a Infinite, Flat,
Perfect Magnetic Conductor
electric
actual
sources

images

Lecture 11