Flexibility Method (Truss and Composite Structure)

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the topic, students should be able to:

Apply Method of Virtual Work.
Able to calculate degree of indeterminacy of the trusses.
Able sketch primary and released structures.
Able to establish the compatibility of displacement equation of the
indeterminate structures.
Able to determine unknown reaction forces caused by member
loads, support settlement/ displacement, fabrication error or
temperature change. (CO1,CO2-PO2,PO5)
Principle of Virtual Work
In general, the principle states that:
P u
Work of Work of
Ext loads Int loads
Consider the structure (or body)
to be of arbitrary shape
Suppose it is necessary to determine
the disp of point A on the body
caused by the real loads P1, P2 and P3
Chapter 9: Deflections Using Energy Method

Structural Analysis 7th Edition
2009 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
It is to be understood that these loads cause no movement of the
supports
They can strain the material beyond the elastic limit
Since no external load acts on the body at A and in the direction
of , the disp , can be determined by first placing on the body a
virtual load such that this force P acts in the same direction as

We will choose P to have a unit magnitude, P =1
Once the virtual loadings are applied, then the body is subjected
to the real loads P1, P2 and P3,
Point A will be displaced an amount causing the element to
deform an amount dL
As a result, the external virtual force P & internal load u ride
along by and dL & therefore, perform external virtual work of 1.
on the body and internal virtual work of u.dL on the element
1. u.dL
By choosing P = 1, it can be seen from the solution for follows
directly since = udL

A virtual couple moment M having a unit magnitude is applied at
this point
This couple moment causes a virtual load u in one of the
elements of the body
Assuming that the real loads deform the element an amount dL,
the rotation can be found from the virtual work eqn
1. u .dL

Method of virtual work: Trusses
External loading
Consider the vertical disp of joint B
If the applied loadings P1 & P2 cause a linear elastic material response, the
element will deform as
L NL / AE

External loading
The virtual work equation of the truss is:
nNL
1.
AE
1 ext virtua l unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction
of
n int virtua l normal (axial) force in a truss member caused by the ext
virt ual unit load
ext joint disp caused by the real loads on the truss
N internal normal (axial) force in a truss member caused by the real load
L length of the member
A cross - sectional area of member
E modulus elasticity of a member
External loading
The external virtual load creates internal virtual forces n in each of the
members
The real loads caused the truss joints to be displaced in the same direction
as the virtual unit load
Each member is disp NL/AE in the same direction as its respective n force
Hence, ext virtual work = sum of int. (virtual) work/ strain energy stored in
truss members

Temperature
In some cases, truss members may change their length due to temperature
The disp of a selected truss joint may be written as
L TL
1. nTL
ext joint disp caused by temperature change
coefficien t of thermal expansion of member
T change in tempera ture of a member

Fabrication errors & camber
Errors in fabricating the lengths of the members of a truss may occur
Truss members may also be made slightly longer or shorter in order to give
the truss a camber
Camber is often built into bridge truss so that the bottom cord will curve
upward by the same amount equivalent to the downward deflection when
subjected to the bridges full dead weight

Fabrication errors & camber
The disp of a truss joint from its expected position can be written as:
1. nL
ext joint disp caused by fabricatio n errors
L difference in length of the member from its intended
size as caused by fabricatio n error

1
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.4 : Truss Analysis Leave blank

TRUSSES
Example 5 :
A plane truss is pinned to a rigid foundation at B and supported on rollers at A and C as shown in
Figure Q5. It is subjected to an inclined load of 100 kN at F. The axial rigidity, EA is 100MN for all
members. In addition to the loads shown, member CE was manufactured 3 mm too short.
a) Taking the reaction at A as redundant, form the compatibility equation for the truss. (10 marks)
b) Solve the value of the redundant and hence, determine the remaining support reactions.
(3 marks)
c) Determine the axial forces in all the truss members. (4 marks)
d) Using virtual force method, determine the horizontal displacement of joint F (8 marks)
100 kN
D E F 60
4
m
A B C
3m 3m 3m
Figure Q5
Solution: 5(a); Redundant, d = m + r 2j = 9 + 4 2(6) = 1
Primary Structure Released structure (with unit load)
F or N f or n
86.6 100 kN
kN
D E D E F
F 60
50 kN
4m 4m
A B C A B C
50 kN
19.93 kN 106.53 kN 1 kN 2 kN 1 kN
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Member Length, F f1 Ff1L f12L Question 5(c)

L Final Forces
(m) FT= F + f1(VA)
(kN)
AB 3 0 0.75 0 1.6875 -1.79 (C)
AD 5 0 -1.25 0 7.8125 2.99 (T)
BC 3 64.95 0 0 0 64.95 (T)
BD 4 0 1 0 4 -2.39 (C)
BE 5 -24.91 1.25 -155.6875 7.8125 -27.90 (C)
CE 4 19.93 -1 -79.72 4 22.32 (T)
CF 5 108.25 0 0 0 108.25 (T)
DE 3 0 -0.75 0 1.6875 1.79 (T)
EF 3 -14.95 0 0 0 -14.95 (C)
-235.41 27
General equation
Actual structure = Primary structure + redundant applied structure
0 10 VA11 fabricatio n error
Compatibility equation:
Ff1 L f1 L
2
0 VA f1, CE L
AE AE
5(b)
Compatibility Equation;
86.6 kN
FT
Ff1 L f1 L
2
D E F 60
0 VA f1,CE L
AE AE 50 kN
235.41 27
0 VA (1)( 3 x10 3 )
AE AE 4
VA 2.39kN m
A B C
F 0
50 kN
VB 24.72kN 2.39 kN 24.72 kN 108.93 kN
VC 108.93kN 3m 3m 3m
F 0
H B 50kN
Question 5(d)
Actual Structure Released Structure

FT fT
86.6 kN
D E D E F 1 kN
F 60
50
kN
4m 4m
A B C A B C
50 kN 1kN
2.39 kN 24.72 kN 108.93 kN 1.33 kN 1.33 kN
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Member Length, L FT= F + f1(VA) (kN) fT FTfTL

(m)
AB 3 -1.79 (C) 0 0
AD 5 2.99 (T) 0 0
BC 3 64.95 (T) 0 0
BD 4 -2.39 (C) 0 0
BE 5 -27.90 (C) 1.66 -231.57
CE 4 22.32 (T) -1.33 -118.74
CF 5 108.25 (T) 0 0
DE 3 1.79 (T) 0 0
EF 3 -14.95 (C) 1 -44.85
aaaaa -395.16
By using Virtual Work Equation;
FT fT L
1. FH fT ,CE L
AE
395.16
1. FH (1.33)( 0.003)
100 x103
FH 0 mm
Note: Any Released/simplified/determinate structure can be used (for fT)
and give the same result. (Student should check)
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.2 : Introduction Leave blank
Example 6:
Primary Structure
Q: Why Vc or Va cant be chosen as redundant?

Released Structure
FBD
Displ due to temperature increase = 0
TLf1
Let FAC be the redundant

Let FAB be the redundant
Let FDC be the redundant

EXERCISE
a)
b) If there is a turnbuckle on member BC so that the

member is shorten by 5 mm, determine the force in BC.
Ans: 43.4 kN (T)
EXERCISE (Cont.)
Hint: 1 DOI
EXERCISE (Cont.)
Composite Structures
Composite structures are composed of some members
subjected only to axial force while other members are subjected
to bending
If the structure is statically indeterminate, the force method can
conveniently be used for its analysis
Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Example 10.10
The beam is supported by a pin at A & two pin-connected bars at
B. Determine the force in member BD. Take E = 200GPa & I =
300(106)mm4 for the beam and A = 1800mm2 for each bar.

Solution
Principle of superposition
The beam is indeterminate to the first degree. Force in member
BD is chosen as the redundant. This member is therefore
sectioned to eliminate its capacity to sustain a force.

Solution
Compatibility eqn
With reference to the relative disp of the cut ends of member BD,
we require
0 BD FBD f BDBD (1)
Or 0 10 FBD11
The method of virtual work will be used to compute BD and fBDBD

Solution
Compatibility eqn
For BD we require application of the real loads and a virtual unit
load applied to the cut ends of the member BD. We will consider
only bending strain energy in the beam & axial strain energy in
the bar. L Mm

nNL
BD dx
0 EI AE
3 (30 x 3.333 x 3 )( 0) dx (69 .3)( 0.816 )(1.8 / cos 30 o )

0 EI

AE
(0)(1)(1.8 / cos 45 o )

AE
0.326 mm
Solution
Compatibility eqn
For fBDBD we require application of a real unit load & a virtual unit
load at the cut ends of member BD.
L m2 n2 L
f BD
0 EI
dx
AE
3 (0 2 ) dx (0.816 ) 2 (1.8 / cos 30 o ) (1) 2 (1.8 / cos 45 o )
0 EI

AE

AE
1.092 (10 5 )m / kN

Solution
Compatibility eqn
Sub into eqn (1) yields
0 BD FBD f BD BD
0 0.0003264 FBD (1.092 )(10 5 )
FBD 29 .9kN(C )
Exercise: Student should try to use FBC as redundant.

EXERCISE
EXERCISE (Cont.)
EXERCISE (Cont.)
EXERCISE (Cont.)
June 2016

Flexibility Method (Truss and Composite Structure)

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the topic, students should be able to:

Chapter 9: Deflections Using Energy Method

Chapter 9: Deflections Using Energy Method

Chapter 9: Deflections Using Energy Method

Chapter 9: Deflections Using Energy Method

Chapter 9: Deflections Using Energy Method

The disp of a selected truss joint may be written as

Chapter 9: Deflections Using Energy Method

Chapter 9: Deflections Using Energy Method

Chapter 9: Deflections Using Energy Method

Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.4 : Truss Analysis Leave blank

Solution: 5(a); Redundant, d = m + r 2j = 9 + 4 2(6) = 1

Primary Structure Released structure (with unit load)

Member Length, F f1 Ff1L f12L Question 5(c)

Actual Structure Released Structure

Member Length, L FT= F + f1(VA) (kN) fT FTfTL

Q: Why Vc or Va cant be chosen as redundant?

Displ due to temperature increase = 0

Let FAC be the redundant

Let FAB be the redundant

Let FDC be the redundant

b) If there is a turnbuckle on member BC so that the

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

0 0.0003264 FBD (1.092 )(10 5 )

Exercise: Student should try to use FBC as redundant.

Chapter 10: Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Force Method

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