Chemistry

Session Opener
Session Objectives

1. Why do we need classification.?

2. Dobereniners triads

3. Newlands law of octave

4. Lother Meyer volume curve

5. Mendeleevs periodic table

6. Modern periodic table

7. IUPAC nomenculature for elements Z >100

Do you know

During the nineteenth century, chemists began to

categorize the elements according to similarities in their
physical and chemical properties. The end result of
these studies was our modern periodic table.

Lavoisier (1789) classified elements into metals,

non-metals, gases and earths.
 Dobereiners triads [ John Dobereiner (1829)]

In 1829, he classified some elements into groups of three, which he

called triads.
The elements in a triad had similar chemical properties and orderly
physical properties.

Arithmetic mean of atomic

S.No Atomic masses of masses of first and third
Triad
elements of triad element

1 Cl,Br,I 35.5, 80, 127 35.5 + 127

=
2 81.25
2 Li,Na,K 7, 23, 39 7 + 39
= 23
2
Ca,Sr,Ba 40+137 = 88.5
3 40,87.5,137
2

Model of triads
John Newlands

In 1863, he suggested that elements be arranged in octaves

because he noticed (after arranging the elements in order of
increasing atomic mass) that certain properties repeated every
8th element.

Law of Octaves

1838 - 1898
Newlands law of octaves [John Newland (1862)]

I II III IV V VI VII
Element Li Be B C N O F
Atomic mass 7 9 11 12 14 16 19

Element Na Mg Al Si p S Cl
Atomic mass 23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5

K Ca
Element 39 40
Atomic mass
Do you know?

Newland was first to publish the list of elements in

increasing order of atomic masses.
Lother-Meyers atomic
volume curve [Lother Meyer (1869)]
Question
Illustrative Problem

If elements A,B and Z occupy similar positions in

Lother meyer curve, they will have----properties

(a)Different

(b)Similar

(c)Cannot say
Mendeleevs periodic law

The physical and chemical properties of elements

are periodic function of their atomic masses.
Mendeleevs periodic table
Mendeleevs periodic table
Only 63 elements were known.

Groups

8 vertical rows.
7 groups were subdivided in A and B.
8th group has 9 elements in the group of 3 each.

Periods

7 horizontal rows.
Merits of Mendeleevs
periodic table

Prediction of new 3
2 elements
(Ge, Ga, Sc)

Correction of
atomic mass
Systematic study (Be, Au, Pt)
of elements
Defects of Mendeleevs
periodic table

Position of
hydrogen.

Anomalous pairs. Position of

(Ar and K, Co and isotopes
Ni, Te and I) e.g. 1H1, 1H2, 1H3
Defects of Mendeleevs
periodic table

Chemically
dissimilar
elements are
grouped together.
(Cu-IA and Na-IB)

Chemically similar
elements are
placed in different
groups.
[Cu (I) and Hg (II)].
Question
Illustrative Problem

Mendeleev gave more importance to -----while arranging the

elements in long form of periodic table

(a)atomic mass

(b)atomic volume

(c)atomic number

(d)similarity in property

Solution: Option (a) is correct.

Do you know?

Mendeleevs periodic table was published in 1905 when

no one had an idea of the structure of an atom.
Modern periodic law (Moseley)

The physical and chemical properties

of elements are periodic function of
their atomic numbers.
Modern periodic table
Quiz
Write the electronic configuration of elements having following
atomic numbers.
(a). 19 (b). 32

(c). 41 (d). 58
s block elements

Electronic configuration:

ns1 or ns2

Groups: IA and IIA

Low ionisation energy and low melting and

boiling points, electropositive elements.

Colourless compounds.
p block elements

Electronic configuration:

ns2,np1-6

Groups:

III A to VII A and zero group.

Non-metals, electronegative.

Form covalent compounds.

d block elements

Electronic configuration:

(n-1)d1-10 ns1or2

Groups:

I B to VII B and VIII groups.

Variable valency high melting and boiling point.

Coloured compounds and catalytic property.

f block elements

Electronic configuration:

(n-2)f1-14(n-1)d0-1ns2

Present below the periodic

table in two rows

Lanthanides-elements after
lanthanum

Actinides-elements after
actinium.

Have high melting and boiling point.

Features of long form of
periodic table

Contains elements arranged in increasing order of

atomic numbers.
Explains the position of an element in relation to
other elements.
Consists of groups and periods.
Features of long form of
periodic table

Groups Vertical column

Total 18. Numbered 1-18 or

IA to VII A, IB to VII B, VIII and zero.

Elements in a group have similar but not

identical electronic configuration and properties

Periods Horizontal column

Total 7 numbered from 1 to 7.

Contains 2,8,8,18,18,32 and 28 elements

respectively.
 Features of long form of
periodic table

Representative elements

s and p block elements .

Transition elements

d block elements. Valence shell and penultimate shell

both are incomplete.

Inner Transition elements

f block elements. Valence shell, penultimate shell
antipenultimate shell are incomplete.
Features of long form of
periodic table

Metals
Present on left hand side of periodic
table.
Solid,malleable,ductile and conductors .

Non-metals

Present on right hand side of periodic

table.
Solid or liquid or gas.

Metalloids

Present on zig-zag between metals and non-metals.

e.g. B,Si,Ge,As,Sb and Te.
Merits of long form of
periodic table

Based on a more fundamental basis

- the atomic number

Position of an element is related to the electronic

configuration of its atom.

Due to separation of elements into groups, dissimilar

elements (e.g. alkali metals I A and coinage metals I B)
do not fall together.
 Defects of long form of
periodic table

It is unable to include
lanthanides and
actinides in its
main body.

The problem of the Configuration of

position of hydrogen Helium(1s2 ) is
in the table different from inert
has not been gases (ns2,np6)
solved completely but are placed in the
same group.
 Nomenclature of the elements
with atomic number>100

Digits Name Abbreviation

0 nil n
1 un u

2 bi b
3 tri t Name=digits name+ium
4 quad q
e.g. atomic number 115 will be
5 pent p
named as un+un+pent+ium
6 hex h =ununpentium
and symbol is Uup
7 sept s

8 oct o

9 enn e
Class Test
Class Exercise - 1
X, Y and Z are the elements of Dobereiners triad. If atomic
mass of element X is 32 and that of element Z is 128, find the
atomic mass of Y.

(a) 32 (b) 80
(c) 128 (d) 160

Solution

The question is based on Dobereiners law of triads.

32 + 128 160
\ Atomic mass of element Y = 2
=
2
= 80

Hence, answer is (b).

Class Exercise - 2

Newlands law of octave is applied

to all the elements having atomic
mass less than ______.

(a) 20 (b) 40 (c) 30 (d) 10

Solution:

From Newlands law of Octave.

Hence, answer is (b).

Class Exercise - 3
Discovery of _________ is
responsible for failure of law
of octave.

(a) lanthanides (b) actanides

(c) transition elements (d) noble gases

Solution:

From Newlands law of Octave.

Hence, answer is (d).

Class Exercise - 4
Properties of element E are similar to
that of element T. If element T is
present on ascending side of Lother
Meyer graph, where will you find
element E?

(a) on descending side (b) on peak

(c) on ascending side (d) None of these

Solution:

The elements having similar properties occupy similar

positions on the Lother Meyer volume curve.

Hence, answer is (c).

Class Exercise - 5
How many elements were know
when Mendeleev prepared his
periodic table?

(a) 53 (b) 63
(c) 51 (d) 76

Solution:

Mendeleevs periodic table based on 63 elements.

Hence, answer is (b).

Class Exercise - 6
The valence shell electronic
configuration of an element is
[Rn] 7s26d55f14. The element
belongs to

(a) actinide series (b) lanthanide series

(c) 6d transition series (d) p block

Solution:

Because last electron enters into d subshell of

penultimate orbit.

Hence, answer is (c).

Class Exercise - 7

Which of the following groups have

chemical properties that are most
similar?

(a) N, O, S (b) Na, K, Rb

(c) Na, Mg, Ca (d) Na, Rb, Mg

Solution:

Because they belong to same group. (IA)

Hence, answer is (b).

Class Exercise - 8

In which orbitals does the

differentiating electron enters in case
of inner transition elements?

(a) (n 1)d (b) ns1

(c) ns2, np16 (d) (n 2)f

Solution:

f-block elements are known as inner-transition

elements.

Hence, answer is (d).

Class Exercise - 9
112
The mass number of 50 Sn is

(a) 50 (b) 112

(c) 118 (d) 62

Solution:

Mass number = number of proton + number of neutron

= 50 + (112 50)
= 50 + 62
= 112

Hence, answer is (b).

Class Exercise - 10

The name of element having atomic

number 101 is

(a) Rutherfordium (b) Lawrencium

(c) Hassium (d) Mendelevium

Solution:

Rutherfordium 104
Lawrencium 103
Hassium 108

Hence, answer is (d).

Illustrative example

(a).His law of octaves failed beyond the element calcium.

Why?

(b). Would his law of octaves work today with the first 20
elements?
Dmitri Mendeleev

In 1869 he published a table of the elements

organized by increasing atomic mass.

1834 - 1907
 Lothar Meyer

At the same time, he published his own table of the elements

organized by increasing atomic mass.

Both Mendeleev and Meyer arranged the

elements in order of increasing atomic mass.
Both left vacant spaces where unknown
elements should fit.

1830 - 1895
 Illustrative example
So why is Mendeleev called the father of the modern periodic
table and not Meyer, or both?

Solution: stated that if the atomic weight of an element caused it to

be placed in the wrong group, then the weight must be
wrong. (He corrected the atomic masses of Be, In, and U)
was so confident in his table that he used it to predict the
physical properties of three elements that were yet
unknown.

After the discovery of these unknown elements between

1874 and 1885, and the fact that Mendeleevs
predictions for Sc, Ga, and Ge were amazingly close to
the actual values, his table was generally accepted.
However, in spite of Mendeleevs great achievement, problems arose
when new elements were discovered and more accurate atomic
weights determined. By looking at our modern periodic table, can you
identify what problems might have caused chemists a headache?

Ar and K

Co and Ni

Te and I

Th and Pa
Henry Moseley
In 1913, through his work with X-rays, he determined the actual
nuclear charge (atomic number) of the elements*. He rearranged the
elements in order of increasing atomic number.

*There is in the atom a fundamental

quantity which increases by regular steps
as we pass from each element to the
next. This quantity can only be the
charge on the central positive nucleus.

His research was halted when the British government sent him to serve
as a foot soldier in WWI. He was killed in the fighting in Gallipoli by a
snipers bullet, at the age of 28. Because of this loss, the British
government later restricted its scientists to noncombatant duties during
WWII.
Glenn T. Seaborg
After co-discovering 10 new elements, in 1944 he moved 14 elements
out of the main body of the periodic table to their current location
below the Lanthanide series. These became known
as the Actinide series.

1912 - 1999
Glenn T. Seaborg

He is the only person to have an element named after him while still
alive.

"This is the greatest honor ever bestowed upon

me - even better, I think, than
winning the Nobel Prize."
Thank you