Presentation by DR Wong

Dept.
of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic

University
Introduction to Earthquake Re
sistant Design of Buildings

presented by
Ir Dr Y. L. Wong
Associate Professor
Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering
Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Content ( )
Earthquakes
What causes earthquakes and how do they happen?
Earthquake Resistant Buildings

How could engineers design buildings that survive in
earthquakes?
Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong2Kong Polytechnic University

Acknowledgements ( )
Most of the materials in this presentation were
extracted from websites of Introducing and
Demonstrating Earthquake Engineering Research in
Schools (IDEERS) of Taiwan National Center for
Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) and
University of Bristol.

Earthquakes in South China

Recent Major Earthquakes near Hong Kong

PGA Zonation Map of South China
HK: 0.15g for 1 in 475 years

(
)

Earthquake ( )
Earths Structure ( )
Tectonic Plates ( )
Faults ( )
Causes of Earthquakes ( )
Seismic Waves ( )
Where Earthquakes Occur? ( )
Size of Earthquakes ( )
How Often do Earthquakes Occur? ( )

Earths Structure( )
The inner core, with a radius of 1,370

kilometers, is believed to be a solid metal body.
The outer core is a 2,000 kilometer thick layer

believed to be a liquid metal layer.
The mantle is 2900 kilometers thick.
The crust is the outer layer of hard rock, ranging

in thickness from 4 to 60 kilometers

Tectonic Plates ( )
World map showing

the tectonic plates
with only the larger
plates labelled
The surface of the earth is made up of 21 tectonic plates, some large

and some small, that are constantly moving.
As the plates are forced against each other, they deform, and eventually
they crush and fracture. The sudden fracture of the rock sends out a
shock wave that causes the earth's surface to shake. This is one way
earthquakes can happen.

Fault ( )
Over millions of years the earth's tectonic plates have been moving continuously a
nd pushing against each other. These movements have forced them to deform pro
ducing mountains and valleys in the earth's surface.
Sometimes the rocky surface of the earth has just been bent and folded (Fig.1). So
metimes the movements have caused the rock to deform so much that they fractur
e. These fractures are called faults (Fig. 2). When the rock fractures, its sudden mo
vement causes an earthquake as shock waves spread away from it.
Fig. 1 How Rocks are bent and folded Fig. 2 How Rocks Fracture
Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong10

Kong Polytechnic University
Faults in earthquake ( )
The Shih-Kang Dam is construct

ed from concrete. The thrust fault
broke right through it. In this pict
ure taken on its downstream side,
you can see where the right hand
The fault ruptured the ground surface pa side of the dam rose 10 metres co
ssing right through this school in Wu Fe mpared to the left hand side (Ch
This fence crossed the San Andrea ng. It broke through a running track. (Ch i-Chi earthquake, Taiwan, 1999).
s Fault. In 1906, the fault ruptured i-Chi earthquake, Taiwan, 1999).
causing the Magnitude 8.3 San Fr
ancisco Earthquake. The horizont
al movement of the ground caused
the fence to move by about 2 metr
es

Causes ( )
Earthquakes can be caused by natural events or human
activities. Here are some of the different causes of
earthquakes.
1. Tectonic Plate Movement- the most common cause

2. Volcanic Activity
3. Explosions
4. Collapsed Mines
5. Water Pressure in Reservoirs

Causes Tectonic Plate Movement
The most common cause of earthquakes.

The earthquake occurs when the pressure that has built up in
tectonic plates causes the rock to break suddenly.
This usually occurs at the boundaries of tectonic plates and along
existing faults.

Seismic Waves ( )
When the rock breaks, there is a sudden release of energy. Shock
waves spread out through and around the earth in all directions,
starting from the focus of the earthquake. At the earth's surface the
ground vibrates as the waves pass through it. The way the waves
spread is a bit like the ripples spreading on a pond when a stone is
dropped into it.

Seismic Waves ( )
Energy spreads out through the earth in three different
wave types :
P-wave P-
a longitudinal wave
travel through rock, liquid and the air
the fastest traveling seismic wave
S-wave S-
a transverse wave
travel through rock, but not through liquid and the air
slower than a P-wave, but faster than a surface wave
Surface wave:
the slowest traveling seismic waves
Their movement is greatest at the earth's surface, and gets smaller
deeper below the surface
Where Earthquakes Occur (
)
This map shows the distribution of the world's earthquakes that happened
during the 1980s. Each red dot represents an earthquake. It is clear that
earthquakes happen more often in some places than others.
the edges of tectonic plates

Size of Earthquake ( )
Magnitude ( )- the amount of energy it re

leases into the earth's crust.
Intensity( )- the amount the ground shak

es.

Size of Earthquake ( )
Magnitude( ):
It gives an idea of the
strength of an earthquake.
For each unit on the scale,
the energy released by an
earthquake is about 30 tim
es greater than the unit bel
ow. So, a magnitude 6 eart
hquake releases 30 times a
s much energy than a mag
nitude 5 earthquake, and 9
00 times as much energy a
s a magnitude 4 earthquak
e.

Size of Earthquake
Intensity( )
For the same earthquake, its
intensity will vary from place t
o place. Usually, it is greatest
near the epicentre, and it get
s smaller further away.
Intensity is not measured on i
nstruments. It is worked out
by considering the effects on This is an isoseismal map for the magn
people and buildings. itude 4.2 (ML) Warwick earthquake of S
eptember 23rd 2000, in England, showi
ng isoseismals from intensity 2 to 5.

How Often do Earthquakes Occur (
)
This table shows how often earthquakes of different magnitude
occur, world-wide.

What does a Seismogram tell us (
) motion at the measurement station

Size of ground
When the different type of waves, i.e. the P-waves, the S-
waves and the surface waves, arrived at the measuring
station
What sort of rock they passed through on the way there
Information to calculate the magnitude of the earthquake

Earthquake Resistant Buildings

How could engineers design buildings that survive in earthquakes?
To explain how buildings:
Vibrate ( ) during earthquakes,

are strengthened ( ) to resist earthquakes,
can be isolated ( ) from the shaking ground,
use dampers ( ) to reduce vibrations from earthquakes.

Vibrating Buildings ( )
To understand the way buildings behave during eart

hquakes, you need to know:
How the ground moves. ( )

How buildings vibrate naturally. ( )
How vibrations die out. ( )
Then, you can know
How earthquakes make buildings vibrate. (

)

Ground Motion ( ) Introduction
( )
During an earthquake, the motion of the ground at any
location is very complicated, as the ground is shaking in
all directions. This motion can be described more simply
as a combination of different motions all happening at
the same time. They are:
Horizontally, side to side (Animate1)
Horizontally, backwards and forwards (Animate2)
Upwards and downwards (Animate3)
Rotating backwards and forwards (Animate4)
Rotating from side to side (Animate5)
Twisting (Animate6)

Ground Motion ( ) -A Single Simple Wave
( )
Amplitude: ( )
Think of a point on the ground vibrating to a
nd fro. If it kept moving the same distance e
ach way, it would have a constant amplitude
of vibration. If it moved 10 mm each way, its
amplitude of vibration would be 10 mm.
Frequency: ( )
If the number of times it moved to and fro e
very second remained the same, it would h
ave a constant frequency of vibration. Each
to and from movement is called one cycle o
f motion. If the patch of ground made 5 cycl
es every second, its frequency of vibration
would be 5 Hertz.

Ground Motion ( )
Combination of waves ( )
Real ground motion during an earthquake is made up of many
waves of different amplitudes and frequencies. The main shak
ing of the ground that is felt has frequencies up to 20 Hertz. (
Animate)

Single Degree of Freedom System-Static Analys
is
(
System ( ) - )
Equation of Equilibrium ( )
Kx F
Stiffness ( ) is the resistance of an elastic body to deflec
tion or deformation by an applied force.
F
K
x

SDOF SystemFree Vibration
( - )
Undamped system ( )
Equation of motion ( )
mx kx 0
Natural frequency ( )
k
n
m
Note: It depends only on the system mass and the spring stiffness (i
.e. any damping will not change the natural frequency of a system).

( - )
Damped system ( )
Equation of motion ( )
mx cx kx 0
C : Damping ratio ( ), a measure of the damping of

the system, expresses the damping of the system as a ratio
of the critical damping level .

( - )
Comparison of Sample Time Behaviors ( )
Undamped System Damped System

SDOF SystemDynamic Response
( - )
Earthquake Excitation Sample Response History-Displacement
( )
( - )
a g xg
Equation of Motion ( )
m( x xg ) cx kx 0
mx cx kx mxg
Effective earthquake force ( )

MDOF System-Natural Vibrations
( - )
Earthquakes can cause buildings to vibrate. There are t
wo basic concepts on natural vibrations of a building:
1. Mode and Mode Shape:( )

Every building has a number of ways, or modes, in whic
h it can vibrate naturally. In each mode, the building vib
rates to and fro with a particular distorted shape called i
ts mode shape.
2. Frequency of vibration:( )
The number of times it vibrates to and fro every second
is the frequency of vibration for that mode.

( - )
The Fundamental Mode ( )
Imagine you could push a building sideways at its top and
then let go so that it swayed naturally. The number of times it
swayed to and fro every second would be the fundamental
frequency of vibration of the building.
If you repeated the experiment, but pushed the building a little

harder or lighter, the fundamental frequency would stay the
same.
(Animate the fundamental mode of vibration of a 2-story typical frame building)

( - )
Higher Modes ( )
The building could be made to sway at other frequencies of vi

bration and with other mode shapes by pushing it at lower floo
r levels.
Animate the second modes and third modes of vibration

of a 2-story typical frame building

( - )
The Natural Frequency of a Building ( )
The natural frequency for each mode of vibration follows this rule:
f = natural frequency in Hertz.

K = the stiffness of the building associated with this mode
M = the mass of the building associated with this mode
Buildings tend to have lower natural frequencies when they are:

Either heavier (more mass)
Or more flexible (that is less stiff).
One of the main things that affect the stiffness of a building is its height. Tall
er buildings tend to be more flexible, so they tend to have lower natural freq
uencies compared to shorter buildings.

How Vibrations Die Out-Damping
( - )
The vibrations die out because of damping which removes energy fr
om the moving building.
The damping can be caused by

Friction ( ) as different parts of the building move against each
other.
Internal friction in the materials ( ) making up the str
uctural members and other parts of the building.
Damage in the building ( ), for example, cracking in co
ncrete or brickwork or permanent distortions in steel.
What can engineers do?

Engineers can design buildings to have extra damping, by adding d
ampers ( ) to the structural frame. The dampers absorb ener
gy from a vibrating building, so that its movement is not as violent.

Resonance in Buildings (
)
The picture shows two buildings. Imagine the
tall building has a fundamental frequency of
5.5 Hertz and the small building has a
fundamental frequency of 7.5 Hertz.
If the ground moved to and fro with a frequency of 5.5 Hertz, the tall
building would vibrate strongly, or resonate, while the short building
hardly moved at all. (Animation)
If the ground moved to and fro with a frequency of 7.5 Hertz, the sm
all building would resonate while the tall building hardly moved at all.
(Animation)
During an earthquake, the ground shakes with a mixture of frequenc
ies of vibration. Q: If the frequencies ranged between 5.0 and 6.0 H
ertz, which of the two model buildings would you expect to vibrate m
ost?

Strengthening Buildings for Earthquakes
( )
Horizontal structural systems (floors and roof
s)
Diaphragms ( )
Trussing ( )
Vertical structural systems (columns, beams,

walls and bracing)
Braced frames ( )
Moment resisting frames ( )
Shear walls ( )

Horizontal structural systems-Diaphragms
( - )
Horizontal diaphragms are usually floors and roofs. They are
made up from a horizontal frame covered by a floor or roof de
ck.
When a diaphragm is stiff enough in its horizontal plane. it can

share the sideways earthquake forces on a building between t
he vertical structural members, e.g. the columns and walls.

Horizontal structural systems-Trussing
( - )
Horizontal trussing is usually used in roofs where there is not
enough deck to allow the roof to act as a stiff horizontal diaphr
agm.
The trussing transfers the sideways earthquake forces on a b

uilding to its vertical structural members e.g. the columns and
walls.

Vertical structural systems-Braced Frames
( - )
Single Diagonals ( )
If a single diagonal, or brace,

is used, it must be able to
resist tension (stretching)
and compression
(squashing) caused by
sideways forces in both
directions on a frame.
Single diagonals in a 3-storey frame

( - )
Cross Bracing ( ) If two diagonals are used, in the form of cross-
bracing, they only need to resist tension.
This is because one brace is in tension for the
sideways force in one direction on the frame,
while the other brace is in tension when the
force is reversed.
Steel cables can be used for cross-bracing, as
they can be stretched, but not squashed.
Cross-bracing in a 3-storey frame

( - )
Miscellaneous Methods ( )
Inverted V Bracing
Knee Bracing
K Bracing V Bracing

Vertical structural systems-Moment
Resisting Frames
In moment resisting frames, the joints, or connections,
( between
- )
columns and beams are designed to be rigid.
This causes the columns and beams to bend during
earthquakes. So these structural members are designed
to be strong in bending.
Moment resisting frames simply means frames that

resist forces by bending.

Vertical structural systems-Shear Walls
( - )
Shear walls are vertical walls that are used to stiffen the
structural frames of buildings. They help frames resist
sideways earthquake forces.
It is better to use walls with no openings in them. So, usually

the walls around lift shafts and stairwells are used. Also, walls
on the sides of buildings that have no windows can be used.

Isolating Buildings Introduction
( - )
Normally, a building is supported directly
on its foundations. When base isolation
is used, special structural bearings are
inserted between the bottom of the
building and its foundation. These
bearings are not very stiff in the
horizontal direction, so they reduce the
fundamental frequency of vibration of a
building. The frequency becomes so low Click the figure
that the building does not vibrate as
strongly during an earthquake.
During an earthquake, a fixed-base
building can sway from side to side.
When a base isolation system is used,
the sideways movement occurs mainly
in the bearings, and the building hardly
distorts at all.

Isolating Buildings Bearings(
- )
Rubber Bearings (
)
Layers of rubber Click the figure
+
thin steel plates between them
+
a thick steel plate on the top and
bottom
Friction pendulum Bearings

( )
Click the figure
two horizontal steel plates that can
slide over each other because of th
eir shape
+
an additional articulated slider.
Adding Dampers Introduction
( - )
Dampers can be installed in the structural frame of a building to a

bsorb some of the energy going into the building from the shakin
g ground during an earthquake. The dampers reduce the energy
available for shaking the building. This means that the building d
eforms less, so the chance of damage is reduced.
There are many types of dampers that can be installed in buildin

gs. Here are some of them:
Metallic Dampers ( )
Friction Dampers ( )
Viscous Fluid Dampers ( )

Adding Dampers-Metallic Dampers
( - )
There are different types of metallic damper. One type, the X-shaped
Plate Damper, is used where two braces meet. As the building vibrates,
the braces stretch and compress, pulling and pushing the damper
sideways and making it deform. They are designed to deform so much
when the building vibrates during an earthquake that they cannot return
to their original shape. This permanent deformation is called inelastic
deformation, and it uses some of the earthquake energy which goes
into building.

Adding Dampers-Friction Dampers
( - )
Friction dampers are designed to have moving parts that will
slide over each other during a strong earthquake. When the parts
slide over each other, they create friction which uses some of the
energy from the earthquake that goes into the building.
Click the figure

Adding Dampers-Viscous fluid dampers
( - )
They consist of a closed cylinder containing a viscous fluid like oil. A
piston rod is connected to a piston head with small holes in it. The
piston can move in and out of the cylinder. As it does this, the oil is
forced to flow through holes in the piston head causing friction.
When the damper is installed in a building, the friction converts some of
the earthquake energy going into the moving building into heat energy.
Click the figure

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University
Thank you!
( )
Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Presentation by DR Wong

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Dept.

of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic

Earthquake Resistant Buildings

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong2Kong Polytechnic University

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong3Kong Polytechnic University

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong4Kong Polytechnic University

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong5Kong Polytechnic University

HK: 0.15g for 1 in 475 years

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong6Kong Polytechnic University

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong7Kong Polytechnic University

The inner core, with a radius of 1,370

The outer core is a 2,000 kilometer thick layer

The mantle is 2900 kilometers thick.

The crust is the outer layer of hard rock, ranging

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong8Kong Polytechnic University

World map showing

The surface of the earth is made up of 21 tectonic plates, some large

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong9Kong Polytechnic University

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong10

The Shih-Kang Dam is construct

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong11

1. Tectonic Plate Movement- the most common cause

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong12

The most common cause of earthquakes.

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong13

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong14

the edges of tectonic plates

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong16

Magnitude ( )- the amount of energy it re

Intensity( )- the amount the ground shak

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong17

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong18

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong19

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong20

) motion at the measurement station

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong21

To explain how buildings:

Vibrate ( ) during earthquakes,

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong22

To understand the way buildings behave during eart

How the ground moves. ( )

Then, you can know

How earthquakes make buildings vibrate. (

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong23

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong24

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong25

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong26

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong27

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong28

C : Damping ratio ( ), a measure of the damping of

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong29

Comparison of Sample Time Behaviors ( )

Undamped System Damped System

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong30

Effective earthquake force ( )

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong31

1. Mode and Mode Shape:( )

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong32

If you repeated the experiment, but pushed the building a little

(Animate the fundamental mode of vibration of a 2-story typical frame building)

Dept. of Civil & Structural Engineering, The Hong33

The building could be made to sway at other frequencies of vi

Animate the second modes and third modes of vibration