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2 12 bulan
0
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19
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Year
Source: National Health Interview Survey; CDC National Center for Health Statistics
Angka Kematian Asma Menurut Umur
CDC 1979-2005
ICD-9
100 ICD-10
65 +
Rate per million
80
60
40
35-64
20
5-9
0
Year
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
04
19
19
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20
Source: Underlying Cause of Death; CDC National Center for Health Statistics
* Age-adjusted to 2000 U.S. population
Apakah
setiap
mengi
pasti
ASMA ?
5
GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR ASTHMA
(GINA 2008)
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the
airways in which many cells and cellular elements play
a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with
airway hyperresponsiveness that leads to recurrent
episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest
tightness and and coughing particularly at night or in
the early morning. These episodes are usually
associated with widespread but variable, airflow
obstuction within the lung that is often reversible either
spontaneously or with treatment
Definition of Asthma
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
Many cells and cellular elements play a role
Chronic inflammation is associated with airway
hyperresponsiveness that leads to recurrent
episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest
tightness, and coughing
Widespread, variable, and often reversible
airflow limitation
GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR ASTHMA
(GINA 2010)
INDONESIA (UKK RESPIROLOGI IDAI)
PNAA 2004
Wheezing dan/atau batuk dengan karakteristik
sebagai berikut : timbul secara episodik dan/atau
kronik, cenderung pada malam hari / dini hari
(nokturnal), musiman, adanya faktor pencetus
diantaranya aktivitas fisik, dan bersifat reversibel
baik secara spontan maupun dengan pengobatan,
serta adanya riwayat asma atau atopik lain pada
pasien/keluarganya sedangkan sebabsebab lain
sudah disingkirkan.
Kapan curiga asma ?
BATUK dan/atau WHEEZING (MENGI):
Berulang
Malam hari
Musiman
Pencetus
Reversibel dengan atau tanpa obat
Riwayat alergi / atopi baik pada
pasien atau keluarga
Apa saja penyebab wheezing lainnya?
Infeksi : virus
Gangguan Anatomi Traktus Respiratorik
Sentral saluran napas: Trakeomalacia, Fistula
Extrinsik ( menekan saluran nafas) : tumor, vascular ring,
limfadenopati, benda asing
Intrinsik : tumor, haemangioma, cyst
Imunodefisiensi : defisiensi IgA, defisiensi Sel B
Gangguan mucociliary clearance: cystic fibrosis, dll
Sindroma aspirasi
Lain-lain: Gagal jantung, anafilaksis
10
Permasalahan Asma Anak
It is difficult to
Overlap of asthma- predict which
like airway disorders children with wheeze
Symptoms will continue to be
may make differential
may change symptomatic when
diagnosis difficult
with age they are older
Compliance with
Measuring lung prescribed It is difficult to
function and therapy continues predict how an
asthma control to pose individual child will
can pose challenges respond to a specific
problems medication
1. Global Initiative for Asthma 2010. 2. Wardlaw AJ et al. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35:12541262. 3. Henderson J et al. Thorax.
2008;63:974980. 4. Bacharier LB et al. Allergy. 2008;63:534. 5. Guilbert TW et al. Engl J Med. 2006;354(19):19851997. 6.
Castro-Rodrguez JA et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:14031406. 7. Henderson J et al. Arch Dis Child. 2009;94(5):333
336. 8. Bloomberg GR et al. Pediatrics. 2009;123(3):829835. 9. Lemanske RF Jr et al. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(11):975985. 10.
Langmack EL et al. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010;16:1318. 11. Lima JJ et al. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2009;15(1):5762.
Hypothetical peak prevalence by age for the 3 different wheezing
phenotypes. in: Stein RT, Holberg CJ, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Lombardi E, Taussig LM, et al.
Thorax 1997;52:946-52).
Diagnosing Asthma in Young Children
Asthma Predictive Index
Diet
14
Patogenesis Asma
Alergen Sensitisasi
(degranulasi sel mast,basofil, limfosit T)
Hipoventilasi Kerja
Surfaktan alveolus napas
Asidosis
v.konstriksi PaCO2
pulmonal
PaO2
What is the chance a child will have some form of allergy?
50% to 80% if both parents have atopic history
Both Parents*
Potential for
Childhood
One Parent* Allergy
Or Sibling Correlates
To Parents
History of
Allergy
Neither Parent*
Bahan iritan + ++ ++ ++
23
House Dust Mite
Aeroalergen
Terutama : House Dust Mite
Peran protease (serine dan cystein) penting
Perangsang produksi mediator inflamasi
Perangsang produksi sitokin dan epitel
Mengaktivasi eosinofil
Merusak barier epitel (Tight junction)
Miike S. JACI 2003; 111:704-13
24
Gambar Tungau debu rumah
25
Pengaruh alergen debu rumah pada
epitel saluran nafas
Polusi udara
Asap rokok
Asap mobil
Asap pabrik,dll
Oksidan
Merusak epitel
Meningkatkan IL-8, GMCSF
Hygienic theory
29
Sejak kapan sel imun mukosa
berkomunikasi dengan antigen?
Th1
Status Keseimbangan
Kapsenberg, 2003
Brokonkonstriksi
Inflamasi kronik
Remodeling
Acute Chronic Airway
Inflammation Inflammation Remodelling
Physiological parameters
Fixed
Airway Bronchial airway
narrowing hyperreactivity obstruction
Clinical parameters
symptoms
exacerbations
34
Inflamasi pada asma
Inflamasi Akut
Steroid
response
Inflamasi Kronis
Airway Remodelling
Time
Barnes PJ
Diagnosis Asma ?
Anamnesa dan Gejala Klinis
Variabilitas
Reversibilitas: respon bronkodilator baik
Hipersensitivitas : uji histamin /
metakolin
JANGAN LUPA: Uji Tuberkulin
Anak < 5 tahun: pikirkan dd selain asma
Diagnosis Asma
Keluhan
Batuk
Mengi
Sesak napas
Dada tertekan
Pola keluhan
Derajat asma
Riwayat atopi
Tes Faal Paru Peak Flow Meter
Spirometer
38
39
Klasifikasi Asma
STEP 1 < 1 kali dalam seminggu </= 2 kali dalam sebulan >/= 80% < 20%
Intermittent
Asimtomatik dan PEF
diantara serangan
normal
STEP 2 > 1 kali dalam > 2 kali dalam sebulan >/= 80% 20-30%
Mild Persistent seminggu
tetapi < 1 kali dalam
sehari Serangan
terkadang mengganggu
aktivitas
41
Penilaian beratnya serangan asma
Parameter klinis, Serangan ringan Serangan Serangan berat Ancaman henti
fgs paru, lab sedang nafas
1 111
121 130 40
31- 50
45 End expiratory only Mild
140
2 141 46 60 Entire expiration + Moderate
131
160- 150 51 - 60 inspiration
stetoscope only
3 > 160 > 60 Loud wheez audible Severe with
> 150 > 60 without stetoscope (or nasal flare
silent chest in the
presence of tachypnea
Kriteria skor Bentur :
Score
- Serangan ringan < 5
Total - Serangan sedang 5-9
score - Serangan berat 10 - 12
Derajat penyakit asma PNAA
Parameter klinis,
kebutuhan obat, Asma episodik jarang Asma episodik sering Asma persisten
dan faal paru
Frekuensi serangan < 1x /bulan > 1x /bulan Sering
Hampir sepanjang tahun
Lama serangan < 1 minggu 1 minggu tidak ada remisi
Diantara serangan Tanpa gejala Sering ada gejala Gejala siang dan malam
Tidur dan aktivitas Tidak terganggu Sering terganggu Sangat terganggu
Pemeriksaan fisis
Normal Mungkin terganggu Tidak pernah normal
di luar serangan
Obat pengendali Tidak perlu Perlu, steroid Perlu, steroid
Uji Faal paru
PEF/FEV1 >80% PEF/FEV1 60-80% PEF/FEV1 <60%
(di luar serangan)
Variabilitas faal paru
>15% > 30% > 50%
(bila ada serangan)
45
LEVELS OF ASTHMA CONTROL ( GINA 2010)
A. Assessment of Current Clinical Control (Preferably Over 4 weeks)
Nocturnal
Symptoms/Awakening None Any
B. Assessment of Future Risk (Risk of Exacerbations, Instability, Rapid Decline in Lung Function,
Side-Effects)
Features that are associated with increased risk of adverse in the future include :
Poor clinical control, frequent exacerbations in past year*, ever admission to critical care for asthma,
low
FEV1, exposure to cigarette smoke, high dose medications
TURUN
DERAJAT KENDALI TATALAKSANA
Mempertahankan pengendalian
TERKENDALI
asma
Naik langkah agar asma
TERKENDALI SEBAGIAN terkendali
NAIK
SERANGAN Tatalaksana serangan
TURUN NAIK
LANGKAH TATALAKSANA
LANGKAH LANGKAH LANGKAH LANGKAH LANGKAH
1 2 3 4 5
47
TURUN NAIK
LANGKAH TATALAKSANA
LANGKAH LANGKAH LANGKAH LANGKAH LANGKAH
1 2 3 4 5
KIE asma
Pengendalian Lingkungan
Bila diperlukan:
short- Bila diperlukan: short-acting 2-agonist
acting 2-agonist
LANGKAH 3 DAN SATU LANGKAH 4 DAN SATU
PILIH SALAH SATU PILIH SALAH SATU PILIHAN PILIHAN
KSI dosis sedang
Plilihan Obat Pengendali
49
50
Tatalaksana Asma
Penghindaran
alergen
Farmako- CAM
terapi
COSTS
Edukasi
Pasien
OBAT ASMA
PENGENDALI
PEREDA Steroid
Agonis2 inhalasi / oral
short acting Steroid -LABA
Steroid Antileukotrien
sistemik Teofilin
Antikolinergik Sustained
Teofilin short Release
acting Sod.Kromoglik
Adrenalin at
52
TATALAKSANA SERANGAN ASMA
RINGAN
Nebulisasi salbutamol
Observasi 1-2 jam SEDANG
STEROID
ORAL
56
Bacaan
GINA 2010
Buku Ajar Respirologi Anak 2008
Pedoman Nasional Asma Anak
Kendig Textbook
Nelson Textbook
58
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