Dental and

Skeletal Growth
Janatin Hastuti, PhD
Laboratorium of Bio- & Paleoanthropology
Faculty of Medicine UGM
Objectives of lecture:
To understand the dental and skeletal growth
with age and their normal variation
To understand that bone grow as a process from
intrauterine up to late adolescent
To understand normal dental eruption useful as
physical growth assessment in pediatric
Definition of growth
Progressive incremental changes in size and morphology
that occur through the development of the individuals
i. Growth is generally a regular process that involves:
1. Increase in size
2. Attainment of consecutive levels of maturity
ii. Growth is variable
iii. Hereditary and environmental factors influence

Categories of subadult
1. Fetal
2. Perinatal
3. Neonatal
4. Infant
5. Early childhood
6. Late childhood
7. Adolescence
Aging Sub-adult Skeletons
a. Chronological vs. Skeletal age
b. Methods depend on age category
i. Fetal/perinatal metric methods
ii. Neonatal metric methods, dental formation
iii. Infant metric methods, dental formation/eruption,
fusion of primary ossification centers
iv. Early childhood metric methods, dental
formation/eruption, fusion of primary ossification
centers
v. Late childhood dental eruption, fusion of primary
ossification centers
vi. Adolescence epiphyseal fusion
 Bone Growth and Development
All Bone develops from differentiation of mesenchymal tissue
Can occur in two different ways:
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Primary ossification centers, for both intramembranous and
endochondral ossification form in embryonic or fetal life
Endochondral ossification
Ossification occurs indirectly
Stages:
1. Formation of primary ossification center
2. Marrow cavity forms (funnelization)
3. Periosteal deposition of bone continues, forming
cortex of diaphysis
4. Formation of secondary ossification center
(generally after birth)
5. The growth plate
6. Epiphyseal Fusion
Ossification of
the long bone
Ossification

.
Age of
ossification
Tooth Formation (odontogenesis)
a. Develop from two sources: epithelial cells derivatives form
enamel and mesenchyme derivatives form the dentin, pulp,
cementum and associated soft tissue structures
b. Develop within the jaw beginning in fetal life (6 weeks
gestation)
c. Four stages
i. Bud ii. Cap
iii. Bell iv. Appositional
1. Enamel formed by ameloblasts
2. Dentin formed by odontoblasts
d. Tooth eruption
i. Occurs in chronological order
ii. Root growth stimulates tooth eruption
iii. Ameloblasts are shed so no more enamel can be
formed
e. Permanent dentition continues to develop as primary teeth are
erupted
Human teeth
1. Deciduous teeth (milk, temporary, baby, fall, primary teeth)

Teething age of primary teeth:

Central incisors : 612 months

Lateral incisors: 916 months
First molar: 1319 months
Canine teeth: 1623 months
Second molars: 2233 months

2m 1m c 2i 1i i1 i2 c m1 m2
2m 1m c 2i 1i i1 i2 c m1 m2
Human teeth
2. Permanent teeth (secondary teeth)

3M 2M 1M 2P 1P C 2I 1I I1 I2 C P1 P2 M1 M 2 M3
3M 2M 1M 2P 1P C 2I 1I I1 I2 C P1 P2 M1 M 2 M3
Dental eruption
Dental eruption

.
Dental/ skeletal growth anomaly/pathology
Dental:
Mulberry molar in syphilitic mother
Agenesis M3

Skeletal:
Cretinism
Gigantism
Hyperdontia
References
Behrman RE. 1992. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. WB
Saunders Co. Phil.
Boyd E. 1980. Origins of the study of human growth.
University of Oregon, Health Sciences Center Foundation,
Portland.
Buckler, JMH. 1979 A Reference Manual of Growth and
Development. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Indriati, E. 2004 Antropologi Forensik: Identifikasi Rangka
Manusia, Aplikasi Antropologi Biologis dalam Konteks Hukum.
Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Meembedakan femur cewe dan cowok dari linea aspera,
klau cewe lebih halus dan lebar, klo cowo llebih runcing
dan kasar.

Gigi premolar yg tdk ada

Incisivus (I) yg prtma kali muncul (6-12 bln)
Molar(M) 1 _13-19 bln)
Caninus(C) (16-32 bln)
premolarP)
Gigi permanen huruf besar

Kalau diatas gigi maxilla

Kalau dibwah gigi mandibular
1 tahun = incivus 1 dan 2
Anak 2 tahun

Gigi permanen : mulai muncul pada umur 6 tahun

Gigi permanen incivus lengkap = 7 thn

Gigi molar 1 yg permanen = 6-7 thn

Molar 1 maxilla=

12 thn molar 3 muncul

11 thn moral 2 muncul
Anomali dental :
Mulberry molar : terjadi pada anak yg ibunya saat hamil sifilis
Creatinism : kekurangan hormon
Gigantism : tubuh besar, kelebihan hormon
Hyperdontia : gigi berjejal