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Temperature
Measurement
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
dE
Apply T To above figure
dT
dE T dT
The EMF generated in material A between the junction at Tt and
the junction at Tj is
E A,tj A T dT
Tj
Tt
E AB A T dT B T dT
Tj Tt
Tt Tj
Basics of Thermocouple Thermometry
A is the absolute Seebeck coefficient of material A, and B is the
absolute Seebeck coefficient of material B.
The order of integration is specified by moving continuously
around the loop: from the terminal to the junction, and back to the
terminal.
The position of the junction around the thermocouple circuit is
identified by the x coordinate.
For the purpose of analyzing thermocouple circuits, the physical
length of wire is immaterial.
Accordingly, x should be thought of an indicator of position only,
not a measure of distance.
Notice that the value of EAB in above Equation is due to integrals
along the length of the thermocouple elements.
This leads to an essential and often misunderstood fact of
thermocouple thermometry:
Misconception in Thermoelectricity
E AB A T dT B T dT
Tj Tt
Tt Tj
E AB A T dT B T dT A T B T dT
Tj Tj Tj
Tt Tt Tt
AB T A T B T
Tt
E AB AB T dT
Tj
Tt
E15 C T dT P T dT N T dT C T dT
Tj Tj Tr Tt
Tt Tr Tj Tr
E15 C T dT P T dT N T dT C T dT
Tj Tj Tr Tr
Tt Tr Tj Tt
E15 P T dT N T dT
Tj Tr
Tr Tj
E15 P T dT N T dT
Tj Tj
Tr Tr
E15 P T N T dT
Tj
Tr
E15 PN T dT
Tj
Tr
Material EMF versus Temperature
Chromel
Iron
emf Copper
Platinum-Rhodium
With reference to
the characteristics
of pure Platinum
Alumel
Constantan
Temperature
Standard Thermocouples
The ASTM identifies eight standard types of thermocouples.
Making of Thermocouple Junction
Ice-point