Presentation on Case Study

A study on Solar Distillation system and

design proposal of a self-sustain water
purifying system.

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology.

Dept. of ME.

Presented by:
Md. Tanvir Rahman (132072) Course Adviser:
Lailatul Nehar (132074) Prof. Dr. Md. Rafiqul Alam Beg.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
 Water pollution

WATER POLLUTION IS A HUGE PROBLEM FOR EVERYONE IN THE WORLD. SOME PLACES SEE MUCH
MORE SIGNIFICANT POLLUTION PROBLEMS THAN OTHERS, BUT WATER EVERYWHERE IS BEING
AFFECTED BY A WATER POLLUTION GLOBAL ISSUE THAT WE SHOULD ALL BE PAYING ATTENTION
TO.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 2
 Water scarcity

WATER COVERS 70% OF OUR PLANET

BUT ONLY 3% OF THE WORLDS WATER
IS FRESH WATER, AND TWO-THIRDS OF THAT
IS TUCKED AWAY IN FROZEN GLACIERS OR
OTHERWISE UNAVAILABLE FOR OUR USE.
AS A RESULT, SOME 1.1 BILLION PEOPLE
WORLDWIDE LACK ACCESS TO WATER,
AND A TOTAL OF 2.7 BILLION FIND WATER
SCARCE FOR AT LEAST ONE MONTH OF
THE YEAR. INADEQUATE SANITATION IS
ALSO A PROBLEM FOR 2.4 BILLION PEOPLE THEY
ARE EXPOSED TO DISEASES.

8 LITERS OF WATER FOR 7 DAYS PER PERSON

SHOWING SCARCITY OF PURE WATER.(REF-9)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 3
 Energy consumption

ALMOST 80% OF TOTAL ENERGY IS USED IN TRANSPORTING WATER IN THE WORLD.THE

AVERAGE OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION FOR CONVENTIONAL SURFACE WATER PLANTS IS
700 TO 1800 KWH PER MILLION GALLON OF WATER TREATED.

WATER PURIFYING PLANT IN DUBAI CONSUMING 1800 KWH

TO PRODUCE ONE MILLION GALLON OF WATER(REF-10)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 4
 Solar Energy and Water Purification
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of
ever-evolving technologies.
Water covers of earths total surface area but only 1% is usable. So, new
technologies are needed to purify water. In fact, natural water cycle is a perfect
example solar power being involved in purifying earth water.

Natural water cycle demonstrating how solar power can be used to purify water .
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 5
 Why use solar power to purify water
Solar powered system produces clean and
pure energy from the sun. For various
purposes the natural resources are used
but they emit harmful gases that causes
the air pollution and global worming.
Otherwise limited availability of natural
resources creates a volatile market in
which energy prices can skyrocket in a
short period of time.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 6
Purpose of the future project

TO DESIGN A ENERGY CONSUMING SYSTEM TO PRODUCE MORE PURE

WATER.
TO DESIGN A SOLAR DISTILLATION SYSTEM WITH FAST EVAPORATION
CAPABILITIES.
TO FACILITATE MULTIPLE LAYERS FOR PURE DRINKING WATER.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 7
 Solar Distillation System

SOLAR DISTILLATION IS THE USE OF SOLAR ENERGY TO EVAPORATE WATER AND COLLECT ITS
CONDENSATE WITHIN THE SAME CLOSED SYSTEM.

FIG- SOLAR STILL OF A SOLAR DISTILLATION SYSTEM.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 8
Types of solar assisted water purifying techniques

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 9
 Review on past researches on solar distillation systems

Solar distillation is typically a slow process. So its efficiency can be increased by

speeding up the rate of vaporization and condensation. Various researches are
done to increase efficiency mainly focusing on the following points:

*Controlling the wind velocity.

*Effect of glass cover and ambient temperature.
*Improving thermal insulation of the still.
*Using heat absorbing materials.
*Effect of salt concentration on output.
*Modifying the shape of the solar sill.
*increasing temperature gradient between condensation surface and water.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 10
 Researches based on basin design and size
Authors Name Parameters Basin size And Methodologies Observations
Studied design Used
Kumar & Bai Study with Size: 67 cm * 67 Enhanced Max output=1.41
enhanced cm condensation l/m^2
condensation Efficiency=30%

Nafey & Bassum Study with Transportable Transportable Efficiency

hemispherical hemispherical still. hemispherical decreases with
solar still Size=.5 m^2. design. depth of water.
Thickness=4 mm. Radiation=850W/
m^2.
Efficiency=38%.
Nijmeh Study of single Size=3 m^2. Used Potassiam Radiation=990W/
basin still Insulation at per Manganet and m^2.efficiency
bottom by 10 cm Dicromet violet was 19,26,17,2%
thick Styrofoam. die and charcoal. for different
materials.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 11
 Researches based on insulating material
Authors Name Insulating Sealant Insulation Observations
Material thickness
Nafey and Foam Silicon Rubber 4 cm efficiency
bassum increased by
2.3%

Ismail & Johnson Rubber A gasket made of 6.5 mm Thermal loss

rubber reduce by 31%

Capelletti Polystyrene - 2.5 cm Thermal heat loss

Styrobore reduced by 24%.

Flendrig Air layer acting as Polyurethrine - Efficiency=39%

insulating Heat loss
material reduced=19.3%

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 12
 Proposed design of solar still

Fig: Schematic diagram of the proposed solar still.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 13
 Benefits of proposed design
This design of the solar still provides:
1. An extra condensation unit maintaining at much lower temperature than the
primary condensation unit and hence rate of condensation will increase.

2. 3 steps (flat plat, normal radiation, copper absorbers via angled mirrors)
combined for water heating which ensures much needed 70 degree Celsius of
water for good rate of vaporization.

3. Direct membrane used to prevent leakage of pure water back to the basin water.

4. Arsenic filtering layer for use in rural areas where arsenic contamination is more
than 80%.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 14
 Expected Outcome
*If the extended condensation surface is made 7.5 times the water production will
increase by 20%. (Ref-4)

Fig: Effect of extended condensation surface on the still.

*The secondary condensation unit will provide higher (Tw-Tg) value about 50 degree
Celsius for faster condensation rate. (Ref-2)

*Using the flat plat solar collector to preheat the water will increase the efficiency by
30.7% to 42.4% . (Ref-5)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 15
 Summery

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 16
 References
1. Solar energy (G.N. Tiwari)
2. Maximized production of water by increasing area of condensation surface for solar distillation (R.F.
Muddy, R. Vhardwaj)
3. Removal of arsenic from contaminated groundwater by solar-driven membrane distillation (Ajay k
Manna, Mou Sen)
4. The Coupling Study for Solar Heating System and Membrane Distillation System (Tao Zhang, Wei Wei
Zhang)
5. Vacuum Distillation System Aiming to Use Solar-Heat for Desalination (Takahisa Jutsino, Kaouru
Hamabe)
6. A review on recent developments in solar distillation units (Pankaj Katila, Anupam Dewan, Sangeeta
Borah)
7. Experimental characterization of a multi-effect distillation system coupled to a flat plate solar collector
field: empirical correlations (Aicha Chorak, Patricia Palenzuela)
8. Improving the productivity of solar still by using water fan and wind turbine (Z.M. Omara, A.S. Abdullah)
9. A review on world water crisis (Water.org)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology 17