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References:
Perrys Chemical Engg Handbook, 8th ed.
(Section 11-110 to 121)
by:
Allie E. Fuentebella-Pomperada, ChE, MEngr, PhDTM
kilograms solvent evaporated per kilogram of steam used
Steam Economy
Heat transfer
Evaporator Selection
desirability of producing crystals of a
definite uniform size usually limits the
choice of evaporators
Crystallization
the growth on body and heating-surface
walls of a material having a solubility that
increases with increase in temperature, is
frequently encountered in crystallizing
evaporators
Salting
the deposition and growth on body walls,
and especially on heating surfaces, of a
material undergoing an irreversible
chemical reaction in the evaporator or
having a solubility that decreases with an
increase in temperature
Scaling
may require low holdup time and low-
temperature operation to avoid thermal
degradation
Product Quality
severe in evaporators than in other types
of equipment because of the high liquid
and vapor velocities used
Corrosion
organic substances foam during
evaporation
Foaming
is the formation of deposits other than
salt or scale and may be due to corrosion,
solid matter entering with the feed, or
deposits formed by the condensing vapor
Fouling
Refer to Fig 11-122, Sections 11-108 111
Focus on Special Applications
Evaporators with no heating surface;
Submerged Combustion Evaporators
Disk or Cascade Evaporators
Some forms of Flash Evaporators
Evaporator Types
Temperature gradient (difference)
Driving Force
losses in temperature difference is due to boiling
point rise (BPR)
Driving Force
Allowable velocities that will not cause/lessen
entrainment, splashing and foaming is governed
by the Souders-Brown equation:
l v
V k
v
Evaporator Arrangement
Section 11-118 to 119
Evaporator Calculations
Condensers
Barometric or Direct-Contact Condensers
Vapor and cooling liquid are mixed directly
Surface Condenser
Shell-and-tube heat exchanger where vapor flows on
the shell side and cooling water on inside the tubes
Much more expensive than the other type
Vent System
Salt Removal
Evaporator Accessories
For a barometric condenser, the ratio of water
consumption to vapor condensed is given by the
equation
waterflow H v h2
vaporflow h2 h1
Condenser
Non-condensable gases may be present in
the evaporator vapor as a result of
leakage, air dissolved in the feed, or
decomposition reactions in the feed.
Vent System
When an evaporator is used to make a
crystalline product, one of the means
available for concentrating and removing
the salt from the system is to provide
settling space in the evaporator itself.
Salt Removal
The two principal elements of evaporator control
are evaporation rate and product concentration.
Evaporator Operation
number of kg water evaporated per hr
Evaporator Capacity
kg steam used per hr
Steam Consumption
Calculation For Single-
Effect Evaporators
Vapor, V
T1, yV, HV
Feed, F P1
TF, xF, hF
T1
Steam, S Condensate, S
T S , HS TS, hS
Concentrated liquid, L
T1, xL, hL
FhF+SHs=LhL+VHv+Shs
FhF+S=LhL+VHv (5)
q = S(Hs-hs) = S (6)
Problem 1
Flow diagram; Vapor, V
T1, yV, HV
Feed, F P1
TF, xF, hF
T1
Steam, S Condensate, S
TS, HS TS, hS
Concentrated liquid, L
T1, xL, hL
Problem 1 - Solution
F=L+V
9072 = L + V (1)
Problem 1 - Solution
Since the property of the solution water,
the boiling point = 373.15 K (1000C)
Problem 1 - Solution
Calculate the enthalpy of the feed;
hF=cPF(TF-T1) = 4.14(311 373.15) = - 275.3
9072(- 275.3)+S(2230)=6048(0)+3024(2257)
S = 4108 kg steam/h
Problem 1 - Solution
From (6), q = S,
q = 4108(2230) = 9 160 840 kJ/hr
q = 9 160 840 (1000/3600) = 2 544 000 W
Problem 1 - Solution
A given evaporator is to be fed with 10,000 lb/hr
of solution containing 1% solute by weight. The
feed temperature is @ 100F. It is to be
concentrated to a solution which is 1.5% by
weight in an evaporator operating at 1 atm
pressure in the vapor space. In order to carry
out the operation, the heating surface is supplied
with steam @ 5 psig (227F). What is the weight
of the vapor produced and what is the total
weight of steam required? If the overall heat
transfer coefficient of the evaporator, U, is 250,
what is the surface area required?
Problem 2 (Seatwork/Assign.)
The pressure in the evaporator is given as 25.6
kPa and a solution of 25% NaOH is being boiled.
Determine the BPR of the solution over that of
water at the same pressure.
Problem 3
An evaporator is used to concentrate 5217 kg/hr
of a 25% solution of NaOH in water entering at
60 deg C to a product of 50% solids. The
pressure of the saturated steam used is 172.4
kPa and the pressure in the vapor space of the
evaporator is 12.7 kPa. The overall heat-transfer
coefficient is 1740 W/m2.K. Calculate the steam
economy.
Problem 4
A 10% NaOH solution @ 80F is to be
concentrated to 40% NaOH solution in a single
effect evaporator. Heating steam is at 20 psig.
Condenser vacuum is 26 in Hg. Water @ 70F
enters the barometric condenser at a rate of
100gpm and leaves, carrying the condensed
vapor @ 100F. Overall coefficient for heat
transfer is 200 BTU/hr.ft2.F. Determine the
evaporator heating surface required.
Problem 5 (Assignment)
Determine boiling point in the last effect.
Determine total amount of vapor evaporated by
material balance.
Determine the vapor produced in each effect
(equal at first trial, total amount evaporated
divided the number of effects).
Determine the amount of thickened liquor in
each effect.
Determine the solid concentration in each effect.
Problem 6
A triple-effect evaporator is to be used to
produce 50% NaOH solution from a feed
containing 25% NaOH. Steam is available at
320F, and the vapor from the last effect is
condensed at 120F. Backward feed is used. If
equal amounts of water is removed from each
effect, what will be the concentrations in the
intermediate effect, the boiling-point elevation
in each effect, and the net temperature
differences available for heat transfer
Problem 7
120,000 lb/hr of 15% sugar solution @ 100F are to
be concentrated to 50% sugar in a forward feed
quadruple effect. Steam to 1st effect is @ 25 psig &
the vacuum on the last effect is 24 in Hg referred to a
30-in barometer. The elevation in boiling point of
sugar solutions under these conditions are
approximately (10x 0.5)F, where x is the weight
fraction of sugar in solution. The boiling point rise is
so small that variation of the rise over a wide range
of pressure maybe neglected. Enthalpy of these
solutions maybe taken as usual to that of water.
Problem 8 (Assignment)
The evaporator has a radiation loss of 1% in each
effect (of the heat passing through the heating
surface). Coefficients for heat transfer I(475),
II(425), III(310) and IV(265). All effects are to have
the same heating surface. The feed flows first to the
preheater A where it is heated by the vapor from II,
to within 10 of the saturation temperature of this
vapor, then to preheater B, where it is heated by
steam @ 25 psig to within 10 of the boiling point in I
(i.e., in the heater A the warmed temperature
approach 10F).
Continuation Problem 8
The dry countercurrent contact condenser is fed with
water @ 70F & exit water temperature from the
condenser maybe within 5F of the saturation
temperature of vapor from IV. What is the total
weight of the steam used? heating surface per effect?
water to condenser in gpm? pounds water evaporated
per pound of steam used?
Continuation Problem 8
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