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06/15/17 1
Introduction
Heart failure is the pathological
process in which the systolic
or/and diastolic function of the
heart is impaired, and as a result,
cardiac output decreases and is
unable to meet the metabolic
demands of the body.
06/15/17 2
Cardiac Physiology
HR: parasympathetic
and sympathetic
Stroke Volume Heart Rate
tone
SV: preload,
afterload, Cardiac Output
contractility
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Stroke Volume
PRELOAD : Passive stretch of muscle prior
to contraction function of LVEDP
AFTERLOAD : Force opposing/stretching
muscle after contraction begins
measured by SVR (Systemic Vascular
Resistance)
CONTRACTILITY : ability of the muscle to
contract at a given force for a given
stretch, independent of preload or
afterload forces
06/15/17 4
Frank Starling Mechanism
06/15/17 5
Pathophysiology
Systolic dyfunctions : Dysfunction of myocardium :
The contractile state of the
Myocardial damage :
myocardium
myocardial infarction;
The preload of the ventricle Cardiomyopathy;
Myocarditis
The afterload applied to the
Metabolic disturbance :
ventricle
ischemia and hypoxia;
The heart rate diabetes
Clas % of Symptoms
s patient
s
I 35% No symptoms or limitations in
ordinary physical activity
II 35% Mild symptoms and slight
limitation during ordinary
activity
III 25% Marked limitation in activity
even during minimal activity.
Comfortable only at rest
IV
06/15/17 5% Severe limitation. Experiences11
Stages of heart failure
Think FACES...
Fatigue
Activities limited
Chest congestion
Edema or ankle swelling
Shortness of breath
Modified Framingham
Criteria Diagnosis for Heart
Failure
Chemistry
Renal Function: Be Wary
06/15/17 23
Treatment Strategies of HF
Etiology therapy
Treatment of etiology causes
Treatment of precipitating causes
Improve life-style
Lessen cardiac load
Rest
Limitation of salt intake
Water intake
Diuretics
Drug treatment for CHF
Diuretics, ACE inhibitors
Benefits :
Improves symptoms of congestion
Can improve cardiac output
Limitations :
Excessive volume depletion
Electrolyte disturbance
Ototoxicity
ACE Inhibitor
All patients with symptomatic heart failure and functional
class I with reduced LV function, unless contraindicated or
not tolerated
Should be continued indefinitely and titrate to optimal
dosage in the absence of symptoms or adverse effects on
end-organ perfusion
Increases exercise capacity and improves functional class
Attenuation of LV remodeling post MI
Beta-blockers
Limit donkeys speed, thus saving
energy
Symptomatic despite
optimal medical therapy
QRS 130 msec
LVEF 35%
Treatment Strategies of HF
Aldosterone antagonist:
RALES, serious HF
Angiotensin receptor blocker:
substitute, not replace
TripleTherapy
TripleThe rapyfor
for
most patients ACE,
B-Blocker and MRA
Heart failure:
More than just drugs.
Dietary counseling
Patient education
Physical activity
Medication compliance
Aggressive follow-up
Sudden death assessment
Questions to determine therapeutic
strategy in CHF patients
Intra atrial pressure recordings reveal two peaks and two descents. The a waveis the
atrial pressure generated during atrial systole immediately preceding ventricular systole.
The peak atrial pressure recorded during ventricular systole before the tricuspid and
mitral valves open is the v wave.
120 mmHg
80 mmHg
Aortic Pressure