Chapter 2:

Element of Transport
The Way
The Terminal
Unit of carriage
Motive Power
 INTRODUCTION
In order to distinguish different modes of
transport system, we must first understand the
physical components/elements of the transport
system
Each mode has its own components characteristics
These components collectively produce a transport
system
Each modes may have a combined two or three
components
 Modes of Transport

Road

Rail

Air

Sea

Pipelines
 Road

Rail Way Pipeline

PHYSICAL
Motive Power Terminal
COMPONENTS
(Propulsion Unit)

Unit of Carriage

Air Sea
 WAY
Definition: The medium on or through which the
transport unit travels in performing its functions
The route along which traffic moves
Consists of natural, natural but artificially
improved & purely artificial
No cost involved for natural type of way
Require investment to build artificially improved &
purely artificial way
 3 Types of Way

Natural Ways

Natural artificially
improved

Artificial
 1. Natural Ways
Sea, river, air, dessert & footpaths are natural (self formed)
and its free except for territorial right and rules of
navigation.
Cheap & free, no maintenance cost
Rivers were the main medium used in the early days in some
countries
Then only came the development of road and railways
This has catalyst the development of town and cities along
the river
Contribute to the development of vehicles to suit the natural
ways i.e boats, ships & airplane
Lake Geneva large areas of inland water are most always utilized
as commercial highways
2. Natural artificially improved
Refer to the human-made improvement on natural
ways for better and ease of movement
Removing loose rocks & obstructions, strengthening river
banks, dredging to allow smooth movement of transport
Built permanent artificial banks to fix the water level,
increasing the depth and flow of water
Remove the difficult bends and diverting the river from
its natural course
For road, improvement being made to allow faster and
efficient movement
 The Panama Canal connecting North
and South America.

The Kiel Canal in Germany is the

busiest artificial waterway in the world.
It saves ships headed for the Baltic Sea
from a detour around Denmark
 3. Artificial Ways
Require enormous capital expenditure in their
construction & maintenance
Railways, road & highways
Road transport is the most important in many
countries due to universality of ways
The costs of building and maintaining the road are
borne by the tax payer or private
Private company usually recover their costs from
user by imposing tolls
 Government may subsidize
the cost for the building of
high cost roads & railways
Government may spend more
in the building infrastructure
that is most beneficial to the
people
Unfair to concentrate to
certain modes of transport
For example, the building of
second Penang Bridge at the
cost of RM4.8billion
 Ownership of Ways

Private Ways

Public Ways
 Private ways
Provided by an individual or an undertaking solely for
his or its personal use
Roads or railways within the boundaries of industrial
estate is the example of private ways
Public do not have freedom to use unless with the
permission of the owner
The cost to build is solely borne by the owner

Public ways is divided into two :

a) Publicly owned public ways
b) Privately owned public ways
a) Publicly owned public ways
Most roads are financed from money from rates & taxes

Their provision is regarded as a service essential to the

community
User make no direct contribution to build and maintain the
road
Heavy usage user may pay an additional charge by way of
special taxes, e.g higher rate of road tax (lorry > RM2,500.00
per year)
b) Privately owned public ways
Some artificial & artificial improved natural ways are provided
by private undertakings for public use
Intended primarily to benefit the undertaking by providing
easier access and more efficient transport
 By allowing the public to use it, it becomes more
attractive financially :
the financial burden to provide and maintain the way
is too great for undertaking to bear
Payment for the use of way is a source of additional
profit
The recovery of capital & maintenance costs plus a profit
can be achieved by the providers by two methods
the payment of charges based upon the degree of use
(charge per ton or per passenger)
the payment of tolls i.e per vehicle charged instead of
the load carried
 The Control of Ways
Sight ways are not strictly controlled and travelers are free to
move as long as their way is clear (particularly non-congested
ways)
Control by automatic signaling for smooth movement and
easy pass
Eg. Train signal, traffic light, radar-assisted control points
(ATC) & estuarial control in busy rivers
There is a need to have a flexible system to avoid severe
interruptions during signaling breakdown
Or allows units of carriage to by-pass stoppages
Characteristics of Different Ways

Roadways

Railways

Waterways

Seaways

Airways

Pipelines
Roadways
Public ways & shared by many types of vehicle
- Exist from natural ways of ancient origin
- Improvement made from the pathways, footways
- Now, certain roads, tunnels, bridges are financed by tolls
- Charges for the use of congested road in United Kingdom
Universal & accessible to all places
- Form the link between all other modes of transport
- To link the terminal with the next stage of the transit or final
destination of goods and passengers
- Provide door to door service for goods and passengers
 Flexible
Means each vehicle operates independently of other vehicles

Interruptions can be avoided by using alternative routes

Can employ the computerised road planning to select the

optimum routes for particular vehicles so that the obstructions i.e
flood can be by-passed
The installation of CCTV can make the job of road monitoring
easier
Allow the design of unit of carriage to suit a great variety of traffics.
i.e specialized truck to transport milk, cement, petroleum
Durable & lasting
Is being built from concrete or tar macadam

Usually controlled and repaired by local authorities

Repair cost is borne by local authorities or federal funds

 Occurrence of congestion
Happen when users demand of road users increased
during peak hours
Each vehicle operates independently of each others

The increased of SOV vehicles at the peak period

Lead to the implementation of one-way systems,

parking restrictions, clearways, flyovers, traffic lights
and roundabouts
Higher frequency of accidents
Users are subject to road rules and regulation

Bad drivers breaking the rule will be finalised

Road vehicles are generally of smaller units, rubber-typed

& independent control of the way
Railways
Consists of two parallel metal strips, sleepers and small chips
stones (ballast)
Most costly in terms of constructions

Usually operated by large & public organization (high capital

investment & maintenance cost)
as a nationalized industry in many countries

Rail movements outside the control of owner of goods being

moved
Consignor rely 100% to the efficiency of the railway organization
to deliver goods properly
The loss of control is a major disadvantage of rail transport

Larger units of vehicle compared to road locomotives, coaches,

wagons
 Inflexible to shift to alternative routes (right-of-way & station to
station)
unable to re-route during obstruction

cause interruption to other train schedule due to sharing of ways

causing delay to both goods and passengers

Most suitable for medium and long distance bulk traffic

Able to move large no. of people over short distance (greater carrying
capacity)
May become inefficient and uneconomic during off peak hours
(under-utilized staff and facilities)
Unable to provide door-to-door service except for self own of
locomotives by large industrial firm connecting to the main railways
Slow train is generally uneconomic
Centralized larger depots can allow railways to achieve economic of
scales and greater utilization of the way
Waterways
Usually improved natural ways or artificial ways

Advantage by the weightless floating unit of carriage

and can be moved by a small motive power
Although it is economical, the speed is relatively slow

The water needs no repairing but the artificial banks,

locks and other devices require to be preserved and
maintain
Can link the interior of the country to the sea

No congestion with the availability of LASH ships

(lighters aboard ships) and barges
Goods carried usually of the non-urgent type & slow
speed
Seaways
The best waterway of all
Huge linking waterways between continental land masses
Have access to the interior of many countries along major
estuaries
Bigger size enable higher speeds than inland waterways
Large vessel and modern bulk haulages can take full advantage of
seaways eg oil tankers, containerships
For passenger, big ship allow comfortable cruise travel with
accommodation & recreational facilities
Slow in speed resulting passenger to favour air transport
Airways
Natural and require no artificial preparation, no repair bills and
no private costs
More universal than the oceans since all parts of the world are
equally assessible
Less obstacles since most flight paths are higher than the
terrain except the Rockies and Andes in America and Himalayas
in Asia
Fast speed short journey time offsets high costs of aircraft,
surveillance, labour & terminals
Least total cost- the highest cost than other forms of transport
but must be reduced with the benefits gain
 Eg, efficient use of executive time for social, political
and economic agenda or fast delivery of raw
materials/machineries for production
For passenger, the fare ticket by sea is cheap but it will
be higher than air transport for a long journey that
require food, service, entertainment before reaching
the destination
Flexible since each flight is unique and cannot affect
other flights
Flights are normally international & require
international co-operation and agreement (bilateral
agreement on open skies)
Pipelines
A unique method of transport since combining the
three out of four physical components of transport
way, unit of carriage & motive power
100% artificial, constructed usually by a private user
for his own particular purposes. i.e crude oil and
natural gas pipelines
High cost of capital since it involves negotation of
way-leaves (permission to cross land belonging to
other people), digging of a trench, installation of the
pipe and the construction of booster stations
Low cost of operation 24hrs service at high speed &
non-interrupted
 24 hours operation at high speed at continuous flow transport
Very competitive as compared to other form of transport for
short distance especially when full utilization is taking place
Not affected by weather & congestion
Inflexible
Direction cannot easily turn to other direction
Usage cannot mix with the usage to transport oil, gas
and milk
Pipeline travel across several countries is vulnerable to
interruption for political reasons and sabotage by
irresponsible people
Corrosion is the greatest enemy of pipeline. Preventive
measure must be taken to ensure the pipe is always in good
condition for continuous safe arrival of goods to the
destination
TERMINAL
Definition

A kind of infrastructure where traffic, whether passenger or

goods or both, need to use the way, that must be provided
with places of access to vehicles operating on that way,
and places where interchange between different vehicle of
the same mode of transport or between different modes
of transport can take place
 Introduction To Terminal
Definition: a place where interchange between
similar & different vehicle of the same mode or
between different modes of transport can take
place
the interface where one transport network ends
and another begins
can be as simple and small as a bus stand, can be
as big and complex as airports or sea ports
A terminal can become a terminal to one mode or
many modes of transport. Eg. a port is a terminal
for ships, trains, roads, pipelines and aircraft
 Functions of Terminals:
Allow access to vehicles operating on a specialized
way
Permit easy interchange between vehicles operating
on that way and between different modes of
transport
Facilitate consolidation/concentration and
dispersion of traffic
Shipment service (sorting, embarking,
disembarking)
Vehicle service
- Terminal vary in its design, size and equipment between
different vehicles of the same/different modes and between
passenger and freight terminals
- Can be from a simple bus stop to the huge complex of a
major port
- Huge complex can be in the form of single very large
terminal or as a series of separate terminals grouped
together for convenience, efficiency and economy
- Each individual berth is being considered a terminal in its
own right. e.g in bus terminal complex
- Variation in the size and equipment is governed by the
volume and characteristics of the traffic to be moved
 The Effect of Traffic
Characteristics on Terminals
1. Passenger
Self-loading & self discharging, move on its own
Except for disabled, need to provide little assistance in
loading and discharging
To provide ancillary transport for changes of level &
interchange between vehicles
Capable of reading timetable & following instructions,
self-consolidating
The length of time a passenger is willing to wait between
vehicle departures is shorter
Interchange require some time-lag (gap)
 However, the longer the journey, the longer the interval between
vehicle departures & passenger will has to tolerate on this.
Passengers arrive at the terminal at the precise fixed time for the
departure of conveyance. In other words, the time table bring
passengers to the terminal
To allow the changeover to be accomplished
Delays to the connecting conveyance
During waiting time period, terminal operator must provide
certain services and facilities for the passenger
These services will vary according to the volume of traffic, the
size of carrying units, the length of journeys, the degree of
comfort expected by passengers and whether the journey is local
or international
Common facility such as seating, toilet, accommodation and
refreshment facilities
2. Goods
Can be accumulated over a period of time and stored until vehicle load is
available
The length of time between vehicle departures is longer than passenger
Do not require the range of services necessary for the comfort and
convenience of passengers
Immobile, require suitable mechanical handling appliances to facilitate
load/unload, stacking and unstacking goods in the storage areas and
moving around the terminal
Require adequate temporary storage space pending collection, payment
of dues and charges, custom clearance etc.
Some goods may arrive in mixed loads, to be sorted before consolidate
with others bound for similar destinations
Goods terminal must be designed, layout and equipment installation
according to the type of operation to perform
 Factors to be considered in choosing terminal site:
1. Customer requirements
2. Operational requirements
3. Community requirements
4. Economic requirements
5. Future expansions

Services and Facilities Required at Terminals

For passenger traffic, facilities provided for the orderly discharge and
loading of vehicles, rapid and easy transfer of passengers between
vehicles within the same or differing modes
Waiting time occur as a result of interchange, disembarking from one
vehicle and embarking on another
The facility is for the comfort and convenience of passenger waiting
It is also for the friends and visitors who may be meeting or seeing
them off
 Among the provision may range from a simple seat and shelter at bus
stop to toilets facilities, restaurants, shops, cinemas and hotel
accommodation
For international traffic, provision must be made for Customs and
Immigration Department to perform their duties
For goods traffic, emphasis must be given on the speed of turnaround of
vehicles and of rapid transfer of goods between modes
Terminal must be designed to avoid congestion by vehicles
Must be equipped with mechanical handling appliances for general
loading, discharging and transferring of goods
This includes specially designed equipment for handling specific traffics
There must be adequate space for the temporary accommodation of goods
prior to loading and after the discharge and for sorting goods where
consolidation and deconsolidation takes place
Require facilities for Customs for terminal handling export and import
goods
Passenger Terminals in Common
Basic facilities required by passenger at major terminals would be:
- Parking space & convenient interchange with local public transport
- Information system fixed signs, arrival & departures, public address
system, info staff/counter, notice boards
- Waiting & queuing areas
- Ticket offices & baggage check in
- Baggage handling facilities
- Refreshment facilities
- Toilets
- Shops
- Customs & Immigration facilities
- Boarding facilities
Goods Terminals in Common
Basic facilities for goods terminals would be:
- Require large area to ease congestion
- Office accommodation to administer the business
- Staff facilities such as rest rooms, canteen etc
- Space to park, garage and maintain the vehicles
- Mechanical handling appliances for general loading, discharging
and transferring of goods
- Customs & Health facilities
 Road Transport
Passenger
the simplest form is roadside bus stop
depending on the size, the facilities are toilet, enquiry/booking
office, waiting room, bookstall, shop and some provision for light
refreshments
larger terminals with long distance journeys, provisions are
supermarkets, lodging and etc.

Goods
Terminal depending on the type of operations and the variety of
traffic
office block with rest rooms, locker rooms, canteen & etc
vehicle park, garage, service facilities
equipments for general loading, discharging and transferring of
goods
 Long Distance Haulage
- The loaded trailer is brought into the terminal by the local driver
and is parked ready for pick up by long-haul driver and vice versa
- Require heavy individual packages including pallets and
containers
- Mechanical appliances such as fork-lift trucks, mobile cranes and
overhead gantry cranes
Local & Medium Distance Haulage
- Pick up and deliver the load in the same day without the goods passing
through the terminal
Consolidated Loads
- Loads are broken down, sorted according to destination and
consolidated with other part loads either long distance or local delivery
Rail Transport
Passenger
Varies according to local, national and international traffic
Country simple shelter, ticket office, toilet
National and international waiting rooms, book stalls, refreshment
rooms, toilet facilities, restaurants, shops, banking and foreign
exchange facilities and Customs & Immigration counter & office
Also car parking spaces for short journey by commuter
Goods
rail traffic will begin & end its journey on road vehicles
facilities not only for railway use only but must facilitate the transfer of
goods between goods & rail
most train load traffic will be of a bulk nature ie coal, cement, oil
require specialised equipment, loading hoppers & conveyors
end-loading and discharging ramps will be used for the delivery
ofmotor vehicles
Air Transport

Passenger Facilities
Involve short or long distance flights
shop, restaurants, banking facilities, overnight shops, hotel
accommodation, VIP rooms, strict security systems such as
CCTV and information board
To improve efficiency require modern baggage system, car
rental & taxi
Parking space for passenger, taxi
Custom & Immigration Office
 Cargo Facilities
- Large proportion consists of small packages, much of it
will be palletized in the airport transit sheds
- to handle large quantities of small packages,
sophisticated handling and conveyor systems are
required
- Handle high proportion of valuable goods, require extensive
security arrangements
- Need temporary accommodation for goods subject to
Custom and Excise Duty
- require coordination from airport authorities, airlines freight
forwarders and customs to clear the cargo fast out from
airport
Sea Transport
Cargo Facilities
require huge complexes covering an area of many square miles
container yard, repair yard, big cranes, warehouses, traffic
control, trailers & prime movers
Lighthouse Authority
Pilotage
Towage
Security
Bunkering Services
General, Conventional & Container Berth
Health
 Every mode of transport must have a unit of carriage in
which the goods or passengers actually move
designed to suit the particular mode. i.e. supersonic
aircraft will be designed to different specifications
from an underground train
represents the response of transport engineers to the
requirements of a particular class of traffic, moving on a
particular way, powered by a particular method of
propulsion, across a pattern of interfaces
Factors to be taken into consideration in designing a unit of
carriage:
Needs to satisfy the widest possible market
Requirements of the particular way
Requirements of the traffic
Ergonomics aspects
Cheapness
Needs to satisfy the widest possible market
Unit of carriage has heavy design cost, which must be
recouped out of sales (get back), easily if it is able to sell
in a wide range of markets to a variety of users
Design for motor vehicles to appeal to different tastes
and needs
Similar to container manufacturers where they supply a
range of containers to a wide variety of markets ie general
cargo containers, top loading containers, open sided
containers, tank unit containers etc
Requirements of the particular way
Character of a way has a great impact on the unit of
carriage motion (movement)
ie. aircraft operate in a way of the atmosphere, and the
atmosphere is not functioning for the non-moving
aircraft
The way imposes strict limitation on the size, shape and
speed of these units of carriage
Air
Constraints of the way (atmosphere) either to build on
carrying capacity or speed
Can have both with major increases in the size of power units
However, big power units consume more fuel and uneconomic
to operate of the aircraft (exemption for military aircraft where
economic operations is not an objective)
Designer must strike a balance between the passenger & cargo
weight with the weight to carry fuel
To achieve faster forward speeds, the shape must offer the least
resistance to forward movement
Sea
Similar to air, constraints of the way either to build on space or
speed
A knife-like shape would appear to be most suitable enabling
the vessel to slice through the water
However, too slim profile can threaten the stability causing
limitation to the cargo carrying capacity
Less in friction vessel create problem to stop the vessel
Not uniform of depth of the oceans, seas and river will limit
the movement of big size vessel
Availability of terminal is another constraints to build bigger
vessel
Road
Limitations on the size and speed of road vehicle are mainly
due to narrow ways, mix with different grade & speed of
vehicle, moving in conflicting directions, sharing with animals
and pedestrian & etc
Road pass under or over the bridge imposed height & weight
limitations for the vehicles
Designer must design road vehicles within strict size and
weight limits and very detailed regulations concerning
construction
Operator must observe speed limits and restrictions on use
Rail
Like road, trains pass under or over the bridge are being
imposed of height & weight limitations of the vehicles
Train cannot be made wider because of vehicles on adjoining
tracks
Length is governed by the severity of the curves which they
must negotiate
Speeds are governed by the present of curves in any particular
section of track
Rail crane passes a train platform
at Banja Luka station Bosnia

Rail Maintenance. Rail worker

tightens a bolt with a wrench tool
Requirements of the Traffic
For marketing reason, the more versatile the unit of carriage is
better (can deliver variety of goods)
However, often versatility failed to capture a particular traffic
Specific vehicles render return journey of an empty leg (for
failing to obtain the same product during return journey)
ie. specific vehicles for milk, petroleum products, corrosive
liquids and bulk powders
Nevertheless, specialized unit of carriage divert traffic away
from other less efficient units
Ergonomic Aspects
The design of units of carriage for maximum comfort, efficiency, safety
and ease of use
i.e access points can be varied to reduce strain
i.e easy to reach the vital points of the maintenance
i.e ease of use for the disabled people
i.e spare tyres & etc
Cheapness
The design of units of carriage must focus upon the needs of society
Units are produced fit for the purpose of many potential customers
Cheap to buy is a factor to consider in designing the units
This is where the mass production come into consideration so that the
units cost can be lower down
The units must be reliable and low in maintenance cost
 Road Transport
Passenger
private (cars, bicycle, motorcycles)
public (taxis, buses, coaches)
car expensive user of road space but is the most
convenient personalized transport
bus bring more people for short and long haul journey
Freight
rigid (embodies the propulsion unit & unit of carriage in a
single vehicle) short truck
articulated (has a separate motor unit which can be linked
in a few minutes to the trailer/semi-trailer) prime mover
covered vans, open trucks, low loaders, tippers (dump
truck), two tier car transporters, refrigerated vehicles,
tankers, vehicle adopted for specialized use
rigid
articulated
Refrigerators Trailers
tippers (dump truck)
Rail Transport
Passenger (Coaches) : 3 types of railway journeys:
a. Long distance
Requires comfortable carriages insulated from the outside atmospheric condition at
the limited number if stopping places
Few access doors, access to toilets/restaurants requires a corridor & flexible connection
Centre gangway (walkway) & side corridor
Focus on comfort rather on capacity
b. Sub urban
Requires more frequent stopping places, greater need to disgorge passenger rapidly
Eg Commuter, LRT & MRT
c. In town
Frequent stops with very short distances apart,
large numbers of wide doors, ample accommodation for standing passenger
Eg Monorail
Delhi Metro MRT
LRT in Germany
 Rail Transport
Freight (Wagon)
required to move a very wide range of products & materials; bulk and
heavy type of goods
a) General
- frequently travels on passenger trains or special wagons attached
to passenger trains
- covered box wagons, open wagons
b) Specialized
- tankers, refrigerated, special ventilated, flat & horse boxes and
others suitable for carriage of livestock
Coaches may, as an alternative, have their motive power incorporated
within the train itself
 Sea Transport
Costly, large & less incline to standardization than road & rail unit
Built to a particular specification though few firm order an entire fleet
at one time, modification to meet particular needs
Types:
I. Passenger ship
II. General cargo
III. Cellular container
IV. Roll-on-Roll-off Ships (RORO)
V. Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC)
VI. LNG & LPG Carriers
VII. Hovercraft
 Canadian RoRo Ferry, the MS
Chi-Cheemaun
Loading a RO-RO Ship
Commercial crude oil supertanker AbQaiq.

TI Asia, a ULCC (Ultra Large Crude Carrier), the

largest ocean going ships in the world
 Barge Carrying Vessels
- A system where a large vessel carrying many small vessels
- LASH (Lighter Aboard Ship)

Mother Ships
- Carry many types of cargoes (i.e loose, general, container)
- Never enter docks or pulls in to a pier
- Loads and unloads barges away from port
- It is the barge which enter ports or estuaries
- Container vessel need feeder vessel
A gravel-laden barge pulled by a A towboat pushing a barge on the
tugboat on the River Thames in Chicago River
London
 Air Transport
Aircraft is a heavier-than-air machine
Raised from the ground by the flow of air over the aerofoils or
wings
Unit of carriage is embodied in the same frame
Engines are located at wings, nose
Types:
I. Passenger Carriage
II. Supersonic Aircraft
III. Air freighter - (specialized igloo containers)
 Cargolux Boeing 747-400F FedEx Express DC-10

European Air Transport (EAT) Airbus Loading a Singapore Airlines Cargo Boeing
A300B4F. EAT is a subsidiary of DHL Aviation, 747 from the front .
Supersonic Passenger Aircraft
Definition

Is a fundamental units of propulsion where

the original movement has been generated
by a primary source of power
Introduction
The modern transport is dominated by enormously powerful motive
power units
We have moved from the days of natural power (i.e wind & animal) to
mechanized units of propulsion (gearing, belting, engines)
Natural powers are still being used by certain undeveloped countries
where the roads are poor, make wheeled transport difficult
Types of Motive Power
The steam engines
Electrical motors,
Internal combustion engines, driven by petrol, NGV, LPG
Diesel engines or oil engines
Turbines
Jet engines
Steam engines
The first prime mover with more than 100 years
dominated transport and production as the main
source of power
A kind of durable engine that cause people
reluctance to change (esp. in UK)
It use coal as fuel, which can be acquired from
local resource as compared to petrol or diesel
which has to obtain from foreign supply
Electrical Motors
Battery-powered vehicles are not suitable for
heavy work & continuous work
Rate of acceleration is low
Batteries have to be recharged at intervals, cannot
be used until fully recharged or replaced with
new battery
Advantage environmental friendly through
recycling the plates & no smoke emission
Internal Combustion Engines
More popular & acceptable as compared to the other
motive power today
Cheaper in price due to production in big volume
Suitable for small family vehicles and economically
Good acceleration, high speed and adaptable to many
different types of transport
Diesel engine is very powerful & best suited to heavy
vehicles
Animation showing the four stages of the 4-stroke
combustion engine cycle:
1. Induction (Fuel enters)
2. Compression
3. Ignition (Fuel is burnt)
4. Emission (Exhaust out)
 Turbines
Come from either
impulse or reactor
turbines or combination
of both
Impulse circular
motion is achieved by a
ready-made stream of air
or steam
Reactor has blades
Mounting of a steam turbine produced by which are shaped so as to
Siemens, Germany accelerate the flow
Impulse Turbines
Reactor Turbines
Jet Engines
A jet engine is a reaction engine that discharges a fast
moving jet of fluid to generate thrust (force).
Consists of a shaft with a compressor at the front and a
reaction of a turbine at the rear
The development of engines has made a more efficient,
less noisy and fuel saving
Engine manufacturer such as Rolls-Royce, Boeing, Pratt
& Whitney
 Turbine Stage GE J79

Axial compressors
Afterburner GE J79
Motive Power and Road Haulage
Diesel engine are most appropriate for heavy haulage
vehicles
Reliability & economy are feature of the diesel engine
Light vans are usually petrol driven
Accessibility of power units for maintenance is very
important for easy servicing and repair
Motive Power and Railways
In UK, the shift from steam power to diesel power and
electrified lines occurred in the year 1950
Compared with diesel, electric traction offers greater
power, acceleration, reliable and cheaper operations
However, capital costs of electrification are enormous
Electrical traction system can be subjected to
computerized planning and control system
Catalyst to the development of high speed train
Motive Power and Aircraft
Aircraft is rely on the performance and economical engine
Airlines demand aircraft with the following criteria :
safety & reliability
economies of power of unit
unit of carriage is socially and environmentally acceptable
Design of engine to cater the requirements of different landing
capabilities :
Short Take-Off and Landing (STOL)
Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL)
Small aircraft are still using petrol-driven piston engines
Jet engines are more suitable for bigger passenger and cargo aircraft
Jet engines are faster, quieter and more economical than any other type
of engine
Motive Power at Sea
For centuries ships depended upon the wind for their
motive power
Revolution of engine from steam to diesel engines
Diesel engines are more efficient and economical
Latest development ship are powered by nuclear power
Nuclear engines are small and high cruising speed
However, nuclear engine propulsion is prohibited to
enter many ports as the hazards are unbearable
Motive Power and Pipelines
Pipe products have been driven along the pipeline by
pump
Pumps are driven by electrical motors, diesel engines,
gas engines and steam or gas turbines
To double the volume of fluid passing, it require four
times pressure
It is better to install a number of pumping houses at
intervals and spread the increased work among them
Pumping stations can be remotely controlled by
automatic sequence of operations