Chemicals For

Consumers
Soap and Detergent
Food Additives
Medicine
The existence of Chemicals
Chemicals For Consumers
Analyse soap and detergent
Evaluate the use of food additives
Understand medicine
Appreciate the existence of chemicals
Soap and
Detergent
What is soap ?
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts
of long-chain fatty acids.
RCOO-Na+ / RCOO-K+
R alkyl group containing 12 18 saturated or unsaturated carbon atoms
Soap and Detergent
Examples :
Sodium palmitate
CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+
Potassium stearate
CH3(CH2)16COO-K+
Soap and
Detergent
Soaps can be made from animal fats
and vegetable oils.
Prepared by hydrolizing fats or oils
under alkaline conditions
The reaction is called Saponification
Soap and
Detergent
Saponification Process
Soap is prepared by heating a mixture of vegetable
oil with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution
The oils are first hydrolyzed to form glycerol and
fatty acids
The fatty acids then react with sodium hydroxide
solution to produce soaps
The soaps formed can be precipitated by adding
sodium chloride.
The soaps are then rinsed with water to remove
glycerol and excess sodium hydroxide solution.
Practical Book : Lab Work 5.1 (pg 118 )
Soap and
Detergent
General equation :

The three alkyl group can be the same or different groups

Soap and
Detergent
What is detergent ?
1. Detergents are usually made from
synthetic resources such as
petroleum fractions
2. General formulae :
Soap and
Detergent
Soap and
Detergent
Cleansing action
Ability of the soap/detergent to
- lower the surface tension of
water
- emulsify oil or grease
- hold the oil/grease in suspension
in water
Soap and
Detergent
Cleansing action
Soap :
CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+ CH3(CH2)14COO- + Na+

In water , a sodium soap dissolves to form soap anions and

sodium cations.
A soap anion consists of a long hydrocarbon chain which is
hydrophobic , soluble in oils and greases
The ionic part is the carboxylate group which is hydrophilic
,soluble in water.
Soap and
Detergent
Cleansing action
Soap and
Detergent
Soap and
Detergent
Soap and
Detergent
Statement of the Problem
Explain the hypothesis you tested.
In other words, what question did you
want your experiment to answer?
Materials
List the materials used in your project.
Procedure
List the steps in your experiment.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Data and Observations
Indicate what you measured.
Explain how your measurements
changed over time or under different
conditions.

Tip: data is easier to understand when it

is in a table, chart or graph. Include
labels to explain what is being shown.
Conclusion
Summarise your results based on
your data.
Is your hypothesis supported by the
data? Explain why or why not.
More Information
Related reading
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