Smart Dust

*Presented to *Presented by-

Mr. Shreyaskar Gaur
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer
Science & Technology
JPIET
Pallavi Srivastava
B.Tech(C.S.E)
Semester-7
Roll no.- 0928210035
* Smart Dust was a research proposal to DARPA written by Kris
Pister, Joe Kahn, and Bernhard Boser, all from the University of
California, Berkeley, in 1997.
* Smart dust" devices are tiny wireless microelectromechanical
sensors (MEMS) that can detect everything from light to
vibrations.
* Smart dust consist of hundreds to thousands of dust motes,
each containing the capability of sensing and monitoring
environmental conditions and communication to other devices.
* They are usually networked wirelessly.
* They are distributed over some area to perform tasks, usually
sensing.

*
A smart dust mote is an electronic package composed
of :

* An integrated-circuit radio transmitter and receiver.

* Microcontroller.
* A random access memory.(RAM)
* A flash memory.
* Some standard sensors.
* Analog to Digital converter.
* A power source for the motes.
* An antenna used for both transmission and receiving
signals

*
* A system is made of one or a few base stations (interrogators) and as
many smart dust motes as possible or required
* Ubiquitous sensors of different types
* Very task/application oriented design and performance
* Wireless communication
* Self-organizing, self-optimizing, self-configuring, self-sustaining.
* Very small (should be under 1mm3)
* Low power consumption
* Easy to deploy
* Based on current or very near future components

*
*
 * The core of a mote is a small, low-cost, low-power computer.
* The computer monitors one or more sensors. Not all mote
applications require sensors, but sensing applications are very
common.
* The computer connects to the outside world with a radio link. The
most common radio links allow a mote to transmit at a distance of
something like 10 to 200 feet (3 to 61 meters).
* Power consumption, size and cost are the barriers to longer
distances. Since a fundamental concept with motes is tiny size
(and associated tiny cost), small and low-power radios are normal.

*
The MICA2DOT mote, typically
powered by a circular button
battery, is not much bigger than a
quarter.
* MICA mote is a commercially available product available through a company called
Crossbow.
* These motes come in two form factors:
* Rectangular, measuring 2.25 x 1.25 by 0.25 inches (5.7 x 3.18 x.64 centimeters), it is
sized to fit on top of two AA batteries that provide it with power.
* Circular, measuring 1.0 by 0.25 inches (2.5 x .64 centimeters), it is sized to fit on top of a
3 volt button cell battery.
* Atmel ATmega 128L processor running at 4 megahertz.
* The 128L is an 8-bit microcontroller that has 128 kilobytes of onboard flash memory to
store the mote's program.
* Consumes only 8 milliamps when it is running, and only 15 microamps in sleep mode.
* 512 kilobytes of flash memory to hold data.
* 10-bit A/D converter so that sensor data can be digitized.
* The MICA2 Mote uses 2 AA batteries to provide power to the CPU/radio for up to a year

*
"Spec" sitting on top of the previous
generation of UC Berkeley Motes, the
Mica node.
* Separate sensors on a daughter card can connect to the mote.
* Sensors available include temperature, acceleration, light, sound and
magnetic.
* Advanced sensors for things like GPS signals are under development.
* The final component of a MICA mote is the radio. It has a range of
several hundred feet and can transmit approximately 40,000 bits per
second.
* When receiving data, it consumes 10 milliamps. When transmitting, it
consumes 25 milliamps.
* Software on MICA motes is built on an operating systemcalled TinyOS.
* TinyOS is helpful because it deals with the radio and power
management systems for you and makes it much easier to write
software for the mote.
Broad view of "Spec" sitting on top of the previous
generation of UC Berkeley Motes, the Mica node. "Spec" is
the tiny little square on top of the raised bit in the middle.

*
* All of the motes in the area create a giant,
amorphous network that can collect data.
* Data funnels through the network and arrives at a
collection node, which has a powerful radio able to
transmit a signal many miles.
* Ad hoc networks -- formed by hundreds or
thousands of motes that communicate with each
other and pass data along from one to another

"Spec," a single-chip mote (hiding under the white wax

square), measures approximately 2mm x 2.5mm, has an
AVR-like RISC core, 3K of memory, an 8-bit, on-chip
ADC, an FSK radio transmitter, a Paged memory system,
communication protocol accelerators, register windows,
and much, much more.

*
* Networks of millions of micro sensors that could coordinate
with one another to perform complex tasks with minimum
human intervention.
* Extremely dynamic, these networks were to be tolerant to
individual robot failures and were to work on power scavenged
from the environment like solar power or vibrations.
* Networks have grown to include a few hundred nodes and are
being deployed for diverse applications like
* military surveillance,
* environmental monitoring,
* health care systems and
* smart homes.

*
* Environmental protection
* Habitat monitoring
* Military application
* Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Monitoring
* Security and Tracking
* Health and Wellness Monitoring
* Power Monitoring
* Inventory Location Awareness
* Factory and Process Automation
* Seismic and Structural Monitoring
* Monitor traffic and redirecting it

*
12
Circulatory Net

13
Dramatically reduce systems
and infrastructure costs

Increase plant/factory/office
productivity

Improve safety, efficiency and

compliance

*
Privacy Issue

* It would be hard for the population to adopt this technology as it

may become a potential threat to their privacy.
* The monitoring of packages, employees, soldiers, may lead people
to feel somewhat insecure in face of this new technology.

Cost
* Although smart dust is gaining popularity in many fields, it remains
costly to implement such a system in an organization.
* The little chips themselves saw their prices go down by a lot in the
recent years, however implementing all the satellites and other
elements needed may cost a company a lot of money.
* Current motes, in bulk, might cost something on the order of $25,
but prices are falling.

.
*
 It is difficult to fit all these
devices in a small Smart Dust
both size wise and Energy wise.

With devices so small, batteries

present a massive addition of
weight.

*
 * Big outfits such as Emerson Electric (EMR), General Electric (GE) and
Cargill are ramping up interest in the technology.
* Tech firms like Cisco Systems CSCO are funding smart dust ventures.
* IBM is tinkering with new smart dust designs.
* Dust Networks' technology is now used by the likes of Shell Oil, British
Petroleum, PPG Industries, K-V Pharmaceutical, and brewer Anheuser-
Busch.
* Sensor nodes have shrunk to a few millimeters and will cost around
$10 in a few years
* Smart dust is potentially revolutionary because the sensors are small
enough to be put anywhere and work wirelessly, sharing data.
* HP's 'Smart Dust' Sensors to Monitor the Earth

*
"Spec" pictured beside the tip of a
ballpoint pen.
* What smart dust is able to do is create a large
invisible network that, in theory, would be able
to manage the infrastructure of even the largest
city in the world.
* Streets and buildings would be able to recognize
people and respond accordingly.
* Workplaces would recognize employees and
buzz you into the building.
* Smart dust could even send a lift to your floor
and boot up your PC.

*
* http://computer.howstuffworks.com
* J. M. Kahn, R. H. Katz, K. S. J. Pister: Next
Century Challenges:
* Mobile Networking for Smart Dust
* An Introduction to Microelectromechancal System
Engineering: Nadim Maluf, Kirt William
* B.A. Warneke, M.D. Scott, B.S. Leibowitz:
Distributed Wireless Sensor Network
* http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/labnotes

*
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