Poxviridae (Poxvirus)

 All are zoonotic infections

 Man is an accidental host
(except molluscum and
variola)
 Usually transmitted via
direct contact
 Molluscum contagiosum is
also sexually transmitted.
 Poxviridae (Poxvirus)
Virus Host Symptom/Disease (skin)
Variola major man Smallpox

Variola minor man Alastrim

Cowpox cattle Haemorrhagic ulcer

Orf sheep Ulcer

goat

Molluscum man Chronic, multiple nodules

contagiosum
Smallpox due to Variola Major

• Smallpox had been eradicated since 1978

• May now be used as a biological weapon
 Parvoviridae (Parvovirus)
 Single stranded DNA (ssDNA)
 Smallest genome (20nm)

Virus Transmission Symptom/Diseases

Parvovirus B19 aerosol, Erythema infectiosum,
transfusion (rare) Aplastic crisis (in pts with blood disorders),
polyarthralgia
congenital Hydrops fetalis
 Hepadnaviridae (Hepadnavirus)
 Transmitted through
 injection (parenteral)
 sexual contact, and
 perinatal route (vertical)

Virus Host Symptom/Disease

Hepatitis B man Hepatitis, cirrhosis,
liver cancer (HCC),
polyarthritis,
glomerulonephritis,
aplastic anemia.
Vaccine available (3 doses)
 Herpesviridae (Herpesvirus)-1
 More than 100 types of herpesviruses.
 Only 8 infect man
 All herpesviruses result in latent infections
Virus Transmission Symptom/Disease
HSV-1 oral, Gingivostomatitis,
(HHV-1) close contact, herpetic whitlow,
dendritic ulcer,
sexually, herpes genitalis,
congenital encephalitis

HSV-2 sexually, Herpes genitalis

(HHV-2) congenital (vesicles)
Secondary HSV-1 infection

Gingivostomatitis (cold sores)

 Herpesviridae (Herpesvirus) -2
Virus Transmission Symptom/Disease
VZV aerosol, Varicella (chickenpox);
(HHV-3) close contact, zoster (shingles)
congenital Vaccine available (2 doses)

EBV close contact Infectious mononucleosis;

(HHV-4) (saliva) Burkitt’s lymphoma;
nasopharyngeal carcinoma

CMV close contact, Jaundice;

(HHV-5) congenital hepatosplenomegaly
Varicella-zoster Virus (VZV)
infection

Shingles (zoster)

Chickenpox (varicella)
 Herpesviridae (Herpesvirus) -3
Virus Transmission Symptom/Disease
HHV 6 close contact, Exanthem subitum
aerosol ? (roseola infantum)

HHV 7 ? ?

HHV 8 ? Kaposi sarcoma

(KSHV)
 Papovaviridae (Papovavirus)-1
 Human papillomavirus (HPV)
 Closely related to genital neoplasia
 Vaccine available (3 doses)
Virus Transmission Symptom/Disease
HPV close contact Warts;
epidermodysplasia verruciformis
genital Condyloma accuminata;
genital tract cancers
(cervix,vagina,penis,anus)
perinatal Laryngeal papilloma
 Papovaviridae (Papovavirus)-2
 Polyomavirus
 Often asymptomatic and persist in kidneys

Virus Transmission Symptom/Disease

BK virus respiratory ? Haemorrhagic cystitis
(reduced immune response)
Late-onset disease

JC virus respiratory? Progressive multifocal

leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Late-onset disease
 Adenoviridae (Adenovirus)
 Diseases
 respiratory (usual)
 conjunctivitis,
 haemorrhagic cystitis, or
 gastroenteritis.
 Infants usually present with pharyngitis and
pharyngeal-conjunctival fever.
 Often transmitted thru respiratory aerosol or ocular
secretions.
 Persistent infections in tonsils
 Adenoviridae (Adenovirus)
Virus Transmission Symptom/Disease
(Subgenus)
A pathogenicity ? Faeces (normal flora?)
B aerosol, Acute respiratory disease, pharyngitis.
ocular Acute haemorrhagic cystitis,
epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.
C aerosol Pharyngitis, pneumonia
D ocular Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
E aerosol Acute respiratory disease,
pneumonia
F aerosol Gastroenteritis in children (40,41)
 Caliciviridae (Calicivirus)
 Transmitted thru contaminated food and water
(fecal -oral spread)

Virus Host Symptom/Disease

Norovirus man Epidemic gastroenteritis
(Norwalk agent)

Hepatitis E man Endemic hepatitis

Human calicivirus man Feces (normal flora ?)

 Picornaviridae (Picornavirus)-1
 Usually transmitted via fecal-oral and aerosol route
 Vectors include cockroaches and flies
 Always asymptomatic
 Severe complications are rare and may occur in
 central nervous system,
 heart
 musculoskeletal system, and
 liver
 Picornaviridae (Picornavirus)-2
Virus Transmission Symptom/Disease

Poliovirus fecal-oral Poliomyelitis.

Vaccine available (oral/IM)

Coxsackie A fecal-oral Herpangina, rash, meningitis,

conjunctiva haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (24)

Coxsackie B fecal-oral Pleurodynia , meningitis,

pericarditis, myocarditis

ECHO virus fecal-oral Meningitis, rash

Respiratory diseases
 Picornaviridae (Picornavirus)-3
Virus Transmission Symptom/Disease
Enterovirus fecal-oral Lower resp. diseases (68-71),
epidemic HFMD conjunctiva Haemorrhagic
conjunctivitis (70), meningitis (71)

Rhinovirus aerosol,Cold, bronchitis, croup,

saliva, bronchopneumonia
fomite

Hepatitis A fecal-oral Acute hepatitis

Vaccine available (3 doses)
 Picornaviral diseases

Hand, foot, & mouth disease Herpangina (ulcer on fauces)

(HFMD) due to Enterovirus due to Coxsackievirus A
 Reoviridae (Reovirus)
 Reo (Respiratory Enteric Orphan)
 Double stranded RNA genome (dsRNA)
 109 serotypes from Orbivirus genus
 4 cause human diseases
Virus Transmission Symptom/Disease
Reovirus fecal-oral Pathogenicity ?

Colorado tick, Fever, arthralgia

tick fever man* Encephalitis

Rotavirus fecal-oral Acute gastroenteritis

* accidental host
 Coronaviridae (Coronavirus)
 Transmitted thru droplet aerosol.
 May also be detected in feces
Virus Hosts Symptom/Disease
Coronavirus man Upper resp. tract infection

SARS civet cats SARS (Severe acute

Coronavirus respiratory syndrome)
(SARS-COV)
 Paramyxoviridae (Paramyxovirus)
 2 types of envelope glycoproteins
 One with hemaglutinnin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)
activities;
 another assists in membrane fusion
 3 genera
 Paramyxovirus (HA & NA activities)
 Parainfluenza
 Mumps
 Morbillivirus (HA activity only)
 Measles
 Nipah virus
 Pneumovirus (No HA nor NA activity)
 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
 Paramyxoviridae (Paramyxovirus)
Virus Transmission Symptom/Disease
Parainfluenza aerosol Resp tract infections
close contact

Mumps aerosol Parotitis, orchitis, meningoencephalitis

Vaccine available

Measles aerosol Measles, SSPE

Vaccine available

RSV aerosol, Bronchiolitis, croup close contact

 Paramyxoviral diseases

Measles (erythematous rash)

Mumps (parotitis)
 Paramyxoviral diseases
 Nipah virus
 Mode of transmission
 Close contact with infected pigs
 Natural hosts
 Fruit bats
 Disease
 Encephalitis
Orthomyxoviridae (Orthomyxovirus)
 Envelope glycoproteins include
 hemaglutinnin(HA), and
 neuraminidase (NA).
 Genetic variation occurs on HA and NA of influenza
A and B
 Results in
 antigenic shift (reassortment) -pandemic
 antigenic drift (point mutation) -outbreaks
 Influenza C virus is stable
 All are transmitted via aerosol .
Orthomyxoviridae (Orthomyxovirus)
Virus Host Symptom/Disease
Influenza A man Acute respiratory disease animals
pandemics/epidemics
Vaccine available
(H3N2, H1N1)

Influenza B man Acute respiratory disease

Vaccine available

Influenza C man URTI (common cold)

No vaccine
Filoviridae (Filovirus)

 Tubular shaped and enveloped

 Transmitted via direct contact with blood
(parenteral).
Virus Host Symptom/Disease
Marburg man Severe haemorrhagic fever

Ebola man Severe haemorrhagic fever

 Rhabdoviridae (Rhabdovirus)
 Bullet-shaped envelope
 Transmitted via bites of infected mammals
Virus Host Symptom/Disease
Rabies all forms of Rabies (Neurologic symptoms
mammals including encephalitis

Negri bodies in cerebellum

 Arenaviridae (Arenavirus)

 Rodents (mice) are their hosts

 Man is infected thru dried rodent feces,
probably via aerosol
 4 human arenavirus
 Most of the infections are mild (cold)
 A small number may present with
 neurologic disease, or
 haemorrhagic fever
 Arenaviridae (Arenavirus)
Virus Host Symptom/Disease

LCM virus mice, Fever, meningitis.

mammals

Tacaribe mice, Haemorrhagic fever

complex man (Junin, Machupo)

Lassa mice Haemorrhagic fever

 Togaviridae (Togavirus)
 Majority of arboviruses are in the Alphavirus genera
 Mosquitoes are the vectors for all species of alphaviruses
 Rubella
 Via air or direct contact;
 Congenital infection occurs thru placental transfer
 Vaccine available
 Togaviridae (Togavirus)
Virus Host Symptom/Disease

EEE / WEE birds Encephalitis

VEE mice Encephalitis

Sindbis monkeys Fever, rash, arthritis

Chikungunya monkeys Fever, myositis-arthritis

Ross River mammals Fever, rash, arthralgia

Rubella man Rubella; severe fetal malformation

 Flaviviridae (Flavivirus)
 All flaviviruses are arboviruses.
 Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus
may also be transmitted thru milk
 For almost all flaviviruses, birds and animals
are the natural hosts
 Man is only an accidental host (zoonotic)
 For the dengue virus, man is the only host

Natural hosts
 Flaviviridae (Flavivirus)
Virus Host Symptom/Disease
a. Vector-mosquito
Yellow fever monkeys Haemorrhagic fever, hepatitis
Dengue man Fever, arthralgia, rash; haemorrhagic fever
Japanese birds Encephalitis
encephalitis

b. Vector- ticks
Kyasanur Forest mice Haemorrhagic fever
Louping ill sheep Encephalitis
Hepatitis C blood Hepatitis, cirrhosis, HCC
 Bunyaviridae (Bunyavirus)
 Transmitted via
 arthropods (mainly)
 transovum (some)
 rodent urine thru aerosol (Hantaan virus)
 Bunyaviridae (Bunyavirus)
Virus Host Symptom/Disease

Hantaan mice Haemorrhagic fever &

renal syndrome (HFRS)

California mammals Encephalitis

encephalitis (mosquitoes)

Crimean- mammals Haemorrhagic fever

Congo (ticks)
fever

Sandfly sandflies Fever, facial erythema

fever
 Retroviridae (Retrovirus)
 Two ssRNA (+)
 Integration of viral genome with host DNA
occurs before replications begins
 Consists of reverse transcriptase enzyme
 Transmitted
 via injections (parenteral)
 thru sexual contact
 during delivery, and
 via breast milk
 Retroviridae (Retrovirus)
Virus Host Symptom/Disease

HTLV-I man Adult T cell leukemia

or lymphoma; Tropical spastic paraparesis
(HTLV-related myelopathy)

HTLV-II man Hairy cell leukemia

HIV-1 man AIDS

HIV-2 man AIDS

 Respiratory Viruses
 Influenza virus A & B
 Antiviral agent
 Only against Flu A : amantadine, rimantidine
 Against Flu A & B : Neuraminidase inhibitor (oseltamivir, zanamivir)
 Vaccine : single dose, annually
 Adenovirus
 Parainfluenza virus
 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
 Antiviral agent : Ribavirin
 Eye Infections
 Viral conjunctivitis
 Most common : Adenovirus, Enterovirus
 Rare causes : HSV, VZV, measles
 Corneal Infections (viral keratitis)
 HSV – dendritic ulcer
 VZV – involving ophthalmic branch of trigeminal
 EBV
 Measles
 Throat Infections
 Viral pharyngitis
 Common cold viruses (rhinovirus, coronavirus)
 Adenovirus, parainfluenza, influenza
 HSV, CMV, EBV
 Coxsackievirus A, HIV
 Nervous system infections
 Viral meningitis
 Most frequent : enterovirus, echovirus, coxsackievirus
 Mumps in young (5-9 years old)
 Primary HSV type 2
 Rare : EBV, CMV
 Viral encephalitis
 Arboviruses (mosquitoes) : JEV,WNV,SLE,EEE,VEE,WEE
 Animals to humans : rabies virus
 Human to humans :
 Common : HSV, VZV, measles, mumps
 Less common : EBV, CMV, enterovirus
 Cardiovascular infections
 Viral myocarditis
 Frequent : Coxsackievirus B, adenovirus
 Others implicated : echovirus, CMV, EBV, VZV,
mumps, HIV
 Viral pericarditis
 Most common : Coxsackievirus, echovirus
 Gastrointestinal & Hepatobiliary
Infections
 Viral diarrhoea
 Common : enteric rotavirus, adenovirus
 Others : norovirus, astrovirus
 Viral hepatitis
 Enteric : hepatitis A, hepatitis E
 Parenteral : hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D
 Genitourinary tract infections and
Sexually transmitted diseases
 Genital ulcers
 HSV – herpes genitalis. Treatment : acyclovir
 Papular genitourinary lesions
 HSV – papular lesions
 HPV – anogenital warts (condyloma acuminata)
 Molluscum contagiosum