ECEg4251: Electrical Workshop Pratice II

Electrical Workshop Practice II

Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Adigrat University

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 Chapter 1
Transformer Design

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 Transformer
An A.C. device used to change high voltage low
current A.C. into low voltage high current A.C. and
vice-versa without changing the frequency
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual
inductive influence of each other.
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Principle of operation
It is based on
principle of MUTUAL
INDUCTION.
According to which
an e.m.f. is induced
in a coil when
current in the
neighbouring coil
changes.
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 Working of a transformer
1. When current in the primary coil changes being alternating in
nature, a changing magnetic field is produced
2. This changing magnetic field gets associated with the secondary
through the soft iron core
3. Hence magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil changes.
4. Which induces e.m.f. in the secondary.

Laminated soft
iron core
Output voltage (a.c.)
Input voltage ( (a.c.)

Primary coil Secondary coil 5

TRANSFORMER COMPONENTS
The principle parts of a transformer and their
functions are --
The core, which provides a path for the magnetic lines
of flux.
The primary winding, which receives power from the
AC power source.
The secondary winding, which receives power from the
primary winding and delivers it to the load.
The enclosure, which protects the above components
from dirt, moisture, and mechanical damage.
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 Types of Transformers

According to core materials

According to Design
According to the insulating /cooling fluid in
According to service/application

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 Types of Transformers: Core
Materials
The composition of a transformer core depends on such
factors as voltage, current, and frequency.
Size limitations and construction costs are also factors to be
considered.
Commonly used core materials are:
Air: the coils of wire are wound on a cylindrical or rectangular
cardboard form. The transformer is called Air Core Transformer.
Generally, air-core transformers are used when the voltage source
has a high frequency (above 20 kHz)
Iron: soft iron, and steel.
The iron-core transformer provides better ower
transfer than does the air-core transformer. 8
 CORE CHARACTERISTICS
In most transformers, the core is made out of transformer sheet steel
laminations assembled to provide a continuous magnetic path with
minimum of air-gap included.
A transformer whose core is constructed of laminated sheets of steel
dissipates heat readily, providing efficient transfer of power.
These steel laminations are insulated with a nonconducting material,
such as varnish, and then formed into a core.

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Types of Transformers: Core Design

The types of transformers differ in the manner in

which the primary and secondary coils are
provided around the laminated steel core.
Core type
Shell Type

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 Constructional detail: Shell type

Windings are wrapped

around the center leg of
a laminated core.
The shell core is the
most popular and
efficient transformer
As shown, each layer of
the core consists of E-
and I-shaped sections of
metal. These sections
are butted together to
form the laminations.

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 Constructional detail : Core type
Windings are wrapped around two sides of a laminated square core.
Also called HOLLOW-CORE, so named because the core is shaped
with a hollow square through the center.

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 Sectional view of transformers

Note:
High voltage conductors are smaller cross section conductors than the
low voltage coils

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Construction of transformer from
stampings

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 Core type

Fig1: Coil and laminations of Fig2: Various types of cores

core type transformer 15
 Shell type
The HV and LV
windings are split
into no. of sections
Where HV winding
lies between two
LV windings
In sandwich coils
leakage can be
controlled
Fig: Sandwich windings

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Transformers with insulating type
liquid-filled transformers
- gas-filled transformers (mainly with SF6)
- dry-type transformers

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Cut view of transformer

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Transformer with conservator and breather

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Transformers with service/application

power transformers
distribution transformers
Instrument transformers
Autotransformers

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Questions

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