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Emejas
it is the transmission, reception and
processing of information between two or
more points using electronic circuit
1837 Telegram(5km) Samuel F.B. Morse
1844 Telegram Washington
1850 Submarine Telegram Dover<->Calais
1876 Telephone Alexander G.Bell
1878 Telephone Service (Boston U.S.)
1895 Wireless Telegraphy G.Marconi PAT.7777
1899 Wireless Telegraphy The Strait of Dover
1901 Wireless Telegraphy The Atlantic Ocean
1912 CQD from Titanic All Station , Distress!
1953 TV
1960 Color TV
1960 Satellite Communication
1969 FM Radio
1969 ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects
Agency NETwork) DOD of U.S.
1979 Mobile Phone (1G)
1982 Internet TCP/IP
1993 Mobile Phone (2G)
1986 Broadcasting Satellite
2001 Mobile Phone (3G)
2003 Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting in Japan
Source Medium/
Transmitter Receiver Destination
Info Channel
Noise
Information Source
selects symbols (letters, numbers,
words, sounds, etc) from an
alphabet (or ensemble) of possible
symbols
Types of Information
1. Analog Signal
are time-varying voltages or currents that are continuously
changing
contains an infinite number of values
example: human voice or music
2. Digital Signal
are voltages or currents that change in discrete steps or
levels
examples: binary-coded numbers or alphanumeric codes
Voice Signal
+ NRZ
(Non Return Zero)
0
-
Di-polar
+ RZ
( Return Zero)
0
-
Basic Concepts
Frequency Wavelength
number of times a distance between two
particular phenomenon points of similar cycles
occurs at a given time of a periodic wave
expressed in hertz (1/1
sec) Hz Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Bandwidth Range of
portion of the electromagnetic
electromagnetic signals encompassing
spectrum occupied all frequencies
by a signal
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency
Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF) 30-300 Hz
Voice Frequencies (VF) 300-3kHz
Very Low Frequencies (VLF) 3kHz-30 kHz
Low Frequencies (LF) 30kHz-300kHz
Medium Frequencies (MF) 300kHz-3MHz
High Frequencies 3MHz-30MHz
Very High Frequencies (VHF) 30MHz-300MHz
Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) 300MHz-3GHz
Super High Frequencies (SHF) 3GHz-30GHz
Extremely Highquencies (EHF) 30GHz-300GHz
Infrared Light 300GHz-3THz
3THz-30THz
30THz-300THz
Visible Light 300THz-3Phz
Ultraviolet Light 3PHz-30PHz
X-rays 30PHz-300PHz
Gamma Rays 300PHz-3EHz
Cosmic Rays 3EHz-30EHz
Circle
1 sec
0
1Hz
Circle
2Hz
1 sec
0
Circle
1 sec
0
4Hz
Circle
1 sec
0
8Hz
Transmitter
a collection of electronic
components and circuits designed
to convert the information into a
signal suitable for transmission over
a given
Processes Involved
Receiver
another collection of electronic
components and circuits that accept
the transmitted message from the
channel and convert it back into a
form understandable by humans
Processes Involved
demodulation, demultiplexing,
decoding, decryption, and
de-emphasis (FM)
Noise
any unwanted form of electrical
energy, random and aperiodic in
character which tends to mutilate
the desired signal
Simplex
A B TV, Radio, Pager etc
Full-Duplex
A B Telephone,
A B Point to Point
Connection
B Personal Phone
Point to Multipoint
A C
Connection
D Broadcasting(Radio, TV)
Air Interface
Bus Connection
A B C D LAN( Local Area Network)
Ethernet
A
Ring Connection
FDDI(Fiber Distributed
D B Data Interface)
C
A
Tree Connection
B C
PSTN(Public Switched
Telephone Network)
D E F G (Lower Layer)
A
Mesh Connection
C B
D E
F
Baseband Transmission
- The transmission of baseband signals directly
and unmodified over the medium
Baseband signals
- Original information or intelligence signals
either analog or digital
Broadband Transmission
- Transmission by modulating a carrier over
the medium
- Process of changing baseband signal using a
modulator
MODULATION
process by which some
mixing of low frequency characteristic of a high
signals modulating frequency sine wave is
signal) with high varied in accordance with
frequency signals (carrier the instantaneous value
signal) of the signal
10m
2m
1m
Uhiudhsiuhf
Nfdnfoidnf
Kjdnfk
Kjdsnbkjn
Dsfnkdnfsd
Idiusg
Wiuiu
Ediu
Ohe
Iuiudshfsfsfds
Idie
Uih
Iu
dcsicbdiub
SP
AMP
SP
AMP
SP
freq
Multiplexing
AMP freq
B
A B
freq AMP B
A
freq
A
freq SPA
Mod AMP Dem AMP
freq
freq
B
SP B
Mod AMP Dem AMP
freq freq
Types of Modulation
a. According to carrier used
1. Pulse
1. Continuous Wave
carrier is a train
carrier is a sinusoid
of pulses (discrete)
Types of Modulation
a. According to the method used
1. Analog
modulated 2. Digital
parameter is made change the form of
proportional to the a given signal
modulating signal
Reasons for Modulation
4. For multiplexing
5. To overcome equipment
limitations
1. Baseband Transmission
Receiever
2.Carrier Frequency Transmission
Transmission
Baseband Signal
Modulator DeModulator
(voice etc.)
Modulated
Signal
Baseband Signal
Carrier Frequency Signal
voice etc.
Demodulation
- Process of removing intelligence from the
high frequency carrier in a receiver
(demodulator)
antenna
Speaker
Demodulator
RF Amp AF Amp
1. Line Communication
guided media which include coaxial
cable, twisted pair, optical fibers and
waveguides
2. Radio Communications
unguided media
Noise
Bandwidth
highly theoretical study of the efficient use of
bandwidth to propagate through electronic
communications system used to determine the
information capacity
measure of how much information can be
propagated through a communication system
represents the number of independent symbols that
can be carried through a system in a given unit of
time (bits per second)
Hartleys Law:
I BW x ts
Where: I information capacity (bps)
BW Bandwidth (Hz)
ts transmission time (s)
fb
baud
N
M-ary Encoding
term derived from the word binary
M simply represents a digit that corresponds to the
number of conditions, levels, or combinations possible
N log 2 M 2 N
M