PSE Training Manual

What is a Power System?

Basically, an electric power system is an
interconnection of electrical devices and
equipment to
 What is a Power System?
Generate

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 What is a Power System?
Transmit

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 What is a Power System?
and Use electric power. (5)

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 Why design a Power System?
Adequate Power System design is required
to ensure continued operation of different
facilities, such as
 Why design a Power System?
Security Facilities

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 Why design a Power System?
Healthcare
Facilities

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 Why design a Power System?
Transportation Hubs

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 Why design a Power System?
Manufacturing
/ Industrial /
Commercial
Establishments.

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 The Single Line Diagram
- A circuit diagram where `one-line` is shown
to represent three phases of a three phase
power system.
- In addition to showing the ratings and size of
electrical equipment and circuit conductors, a
properly drawn one-line diagram will also
show an electrically correct distribution of
power with respect to current flow from the
power source to the downstream loads or
panelboards (8)
(8)
 The Single Line Diagram
- Inaccuracy in this documentation and failure to
update one-line diagrams on a regular basis as
electrical systems invariably grow over time
often results in increased down time when
system failures

- The single line diagram offers several benefits to

the facility it outlines, especially: identification
of possible problem places, improved safety
conformity, and enhanced staff safety
 Overall Planning
Each power system design, whether new or an
expansion to an existing system must be:
1) Safe;
2) Reliable;
3) Meets the present objective; and,
4) Permits Expansion. (12)
 Basic Design Considerations
1) Safety
2) Reliability
3) Simplicity
4) Future Expansion
5) Flexibility
6) Maintenance
7) Economics
 Safety
Human Life is of utmost importance, and safety
shall never be compromised. System Planning
and design shall include the following to ensure
the safety of personnel and preservation of
plant property:
 Safety
1) Equipment and installations shall conform
to relevant codes and standards

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 Safety
2) Provide adequate working space and safe
clearances around electrical equipment,
insulated bus and connections for metal-
enclosed equipment, and adequate system
and equipment grounding.
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 Safety
3) Design the system to permit maintenance of
equipment and circuits in a de-energized
state without plant shutdown.

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 Safety
4) Provide fully rated and protected equipment
to withstand maximum short circuit and
load currents

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 Safety
5) Provide personnel protective equipment
(PPE) such as insulated gloves, fire-
retardant or fireproof clothing, and warning
signs.

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 Safety
6) Provide Operations and Maintenance
instructions, such as built-in wiring and
interlocking diagrams
7) Install emergency lighting for the safety and
safe exit of personnel during power outage.
 Reliability
Power system design
must be considered
during the planning
an conceptual design
stage. The IEEE Gold
book provides
guidelines for the
design of a reliable
power system.
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 Steps to Increase Reliability
1) Select modern, standard and reliable
equipment. Apply good installation and
preventive maintenance practice.

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 Steps to Increase Reliability
2) Use a minimum of two circuits or feeds,
each from a different bus, to major and
critical load centers. Do not run both circuits
in the same cable tray or duct bank.
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 Steps to Increase Reliability
3) Do not use bare conductor overhead lines
within the plant boundary. Run the
distribution feeders above ground whenever
possible; failure rate of a directly buried
cable is considerably higher.
4) System neutral grounding reduces transient
overvoltage on single line-to-ground faults,
thus minimizing insulation failures.
 Steps to Increase Reliability
5) A coordinated short-
circuit and
overcurrent
protection isolates
the faulted circuit,
protects the
equipment, confines
the power outage to
the protected zone,
makes it easier to
locate the fault, and
prevents fires.

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 Simplicity
Faults/shutdowns are caused by a variety of
reasons:
1) Environmental (Lightning, etc.)
2) Insulation Failure
3) Inadvertent or accidental contact
4) Personnel inexperience
 Simplicity
Designing the power system as simple as
possible will help mitigate these issues, due to
the following:
1) Maintenance personnel need not require
high levels of technical expertise, ensuring
continued performance of maintenance
procedures on plant equipment;
2) Reduction of plant accidents due to
simplicity, resulting to lesser injuries and
equipment damage.
 Simplicity
In practice, radial feeds are utilized in power
systems to simplify interlocking and
maintenance, thus increasing safety.
 Future Expansion
Always provide extra power system capacity
to allow for future plant expansion.
Items to consider for future growth:
1. Substation reserve size over predicted
present loads (kVA);
2. Margin in interrupting rating of
switching devices;
3. Proper selection of voltage level
 Flexibility
Power system must be capable of future
expansion without requiring significant
changes in power distribution.
Consider the use of a load-center type system
with small substations that can be added in
small units
 Maintenance
Design systems that provide alternate supply
to permit one to be taken out for
maintenance without dropping essential
loads
Use draw out equipment wherever possible to
enable maintenance on circuit breaker
elements
 Maintenance
Some general guidelines in maintaining the
power system:
1. Keep the plant clean;
2. Test Circuit Breakers;
3. Ensure high resistance grounding of
plant;
4. Perform thermographic inspection of
plant equipment/s using IR scanner;
5. Document all maintenance procedures
performed.
 Economics
The costs of an electric power system is small
compared with the total cost
Safety, reliability, voltage regulation,
maintenance and provision for future
expansion shall be given priority
Costs are not evaluated merely by per
equipment basis but rather the power system
installation should be evaluated as a whole
 References
(1) H.F. Lee Energy Complex. Photo grabbed from http://www.power-
eng.com/articles/2014/02/a-report-on-combined-cycle-projects-in-north-
america.html on 25 April 2016.
(2) Champion Brand 3500/4000W Generator. Photo grabbed from
http://www.championpowerequipment.com/products/generators/ on 25 April
2016.
(3) Power Transmission Line. Photo grabbed from
http://www.airmechindia.com/powertransmission.html on 25 April 2016.
(4) Typical Siemens 40MVA Transformer. Photo grabbed from
https://www.cst.com/Applications/Article/Siemens-Energy-Optimises-Power-
Transformers-With-The-Aid-Of-3D-EM-Simulation on 25 April 2016.
(5) Residential House. Photo grabbed from
http://www.homedsgn.com/2013/06/25/cat-mountain-residence-by-cornerstone-
architects/portrait-46/ on 25 April 2016.
(6) SM Mall of Asia. Photo grabbed from
http://www.rappler.com/business/features/34284-sm-automated-weather-
stations on 26 April 2016.
 References
(7) NAIA Terminal 3 Blackout. Photo grabbed from
http://www.entrepreneur.com.ph/news-and-events/bottom-line-naia-3-blackout-
a36-20160404 on 26 April 2016.
(8) Electrical Single Line Diagram Part Two. Retrieved from
http://www.next.gr/circuits/Electrical-Single-Line-Diagram-Part-Two-
l41025.html on 26 April 2016.
(9) Security Facility. Photo grabbed from http://www.weprevent.org/what-security-
features-to-look-for-in-a-self-storage-facility/ on 26 April 2016.
(10) Healthcare Facility. Photo grabbed from
http://www.murphymcmanus.com/markets/healthcare.php on 26 April 2016.
(11) Petrochemical Industrial Plant. Photo grabbed from
http://cuzimage.com/image/petrochemical-industrial-plant on 26 April 2016.
(12) Ahmed, Ghariani, Sheeba Khan and Shoaib Khan. 2002. Industrial Power
Systems. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. Boca Raton, Florida.
(13) NFPA 70E. Photo grabbed from http://www.nickleelectrical.com/safety/osha-
standards-nfpa-70e-regulation-changes on 26 April 2016.
(14) National Electrical Code. Photo grabbed from
http://nfpatoday.blog.nfpa.org/2013/08/nfpa-launches-2014-national-electric-
code.html on 26 April 2016.
 References
(15) Grounding in a grid tied PV system. Photo grabbed from
http://www.homepower.com/articles/solar-electricity/design-installation/get-
grounded on 26 April 2016.
(16) Preventive Power System Maintenance. Photo grabbed from
http://www.pacificpowergroup.com/240-2 on 26 April 2016.
(17) Circuit Breaker. Photo grabbed from
http://smartgridcenter.tamu.edu/ratc/web/?page_id=117 on 26 April 2016.
(18) Personnel Protective Equipment. Photo grabbed from http://www.empire-
cat.com/Power_Systems/Power_Generation/Training/Advanced_Standby_Traini
ng.aspx on 26 April 2016.
(19) IEEE 493-2007. Photo grabbed from
http://www.techstreet.com/products/1517766 on 26 April 2016.
(20) Old Generator. Photo grabbed from
http://www.busnut.com/bbs/messages/233/16402.html?1169265165 on 26 April
2016.
(21) New Generator. Photo grabbed from
http://www.cumminspowerblog.com/en/2012/08/16/introducing-four-new-175-
300-kw-diesel-generator-set-models-from-cummins-power-generation/on 26
April 2016.

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 References
22) Time-Current Curve. Photo grabbed from
http://blog.mavtechglobal.com/blog/2014/01/28/understanding-time-current-
curves-part-1 on 26 April 2016.