SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

ON
400KV SUBSTATION
UTTAR PRADESH POWER TRANSMISSION CARPORATION
LIMITED
MOTTIRAM ADDA,GORAKHPUR(U.P.)
SUBMITTED BY:
RAHUL NAIN (EE)
FINAL YEAR(1204210045)
 Electric substation and its overview
Single Line Diagram
Isolator and switches
Circuit breaker
Lightning arrestor
Current transformer
Capacitive voltage transformer
Protective relays
Power transformer
Control room and Relay room
Battery room
Wave trap
Reference
Electrical Substation are mainly three
types:-
1.Generating substation (Thermal , hydroelectric ,nuclear)
2.Transmission substation
maintain symmetric configuration of conductor in each phase with proper
transposition , use ACSR bundled conductor .
3.Receiving and Distribution substation
Use ring main and radial distribution system.
 The whole substation is divided in two parts: 400kv & 220kv site. The civil work is
completed by L&T Company. Other part of project Design, Engineering,
Manufacture, Supply, Erection, Testing and Commissioning of Bays is completed
by CGL.
In 400/220kv switchyard following outdoor instrument used:
Two 165MVA 220/132kv autotransformers one 315MVA 400/220kv
autotransformer, one 250MVA autotransformer, Two 31.5MVAR shunt reactor,15
lighting tower, SF6 circuit breaker, Capacitor voltage transformer(CVT) Current
transformer(CT).
In switchyard one room for emulsifire system and one for generator system is also
present. In 400kv switchyards following lines are present for incoming and
outgoing power.
400kv Incoming 1. PGCIL I 2. PGCIL II (GIDA Sahjanwa) 3. UPPCL
Azamgarh
220kv Outgoing 1. Deoria 2. Baraunhua
ISOLATORS USED IN SUB-STATION

1. Pentograph isolator: 2 . Double break isolator:

Here central insulator stack can swing
For closing the contact linkage of pantograph about its vertical axis about 90 degree.
are brought nearer by rotating the insulating And provide double break.
column. and current is carried by upper bus bar
to lower bus bar through conduction arm of
pantograph.

While opening rotating insulating column is

rotated about its axes .so by blades collapse in
vertical position and isolation is obtained.
 1. load break switch Provide function of both isolator
and switch and used for breaking load current.

2. Earth switch:
Connected between line conductor and earth. Normally it is
open. When line is disconnected the earth switch is closed
so as to discharge the voltage trapped on the line
Across capacitance between line and earth .

So before starting maintenance work these voltage are

discharged to earth by closing the switch. They are
mounted on the frame of isolator .

Sequence of operation of opening/closing switch :

While opening: 1. Open circuit breaker

2.open isolator
3.close earth switch

While closing: 1.open earth switch

2.close isolator
3.close circuit breaker

So isolator operated only at no load condition.so not have any current

making and breaking capacity .
 A protective device for limiting surge voltages by discharging or bypassing surge
current, and it also prevents the flow of follow current while remaining capable of
repeating these functions.
At the heart of all arresters is Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV). The MOV disk is a
semiconductor that is sensitive to voltage. At normal voltage, the MOV disk is an
insulator and will not conduct current. But at higher (extreme) voltage caused by
lightning or any surges, it becomes a conductor.
 Protective relay
For switchyard protections following type
relays are used:

1.Over current relay

2.Earth fault relay

3.Differential relay

4.Directional relay

5. Buchholz relay

6. IDMT relay
Overcurrent Relay: The relay which operates
when the current exceeds the preset value is
called the overcurrent relay. The preset value is 4.very inverse relay
called the pickup value.
Types here core does not saturate easily and on higher
1.Instantaneous overcurrent relay. value of current time of operation become
As soon as fault occur relay operate. constant.
Operating time = .1 sec

2.Inverse time current relay

have inverse relation between acuating quantity
and time of operation .
DISTANCE RELAY
3.Inverse definite minimum time current
relay
as current increase more then time of operation
become constant.
 Buchholz relay:
Diffrential relay
The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective Used for the protection of alternator and
device sensitive to the effects of dielectric transformer.
failure inside and inter turn fault in
transformer.

Operate when operation torque (i1s-i2s) is

greater then pick up value.
REACTORS AND CAPACITOR :
1.SHUNT REACTOR
Installed at sending and receiving end of line 2. SERIES REACTOR
and use to reduce Ferranti effect. Installed at sending and receiving end of line
and use to reduce current ripple.

3.Shunt capacitor
Installed at receiving end to make
receiving end voltage equal to sending
end voltage.
 CIRCUIT BREAKERS :-
Electrical circuit breaker is a switching device
which can be operated manually as well as
automatically for controlling and protection of
electrical power system .
In this substation almost all the circuit breakers
are SF6 type circuit breakers.
There is a switchable series resistance along
with the C.B. as shown here. It is inserted while
closing the circuit breakers for a short time.
This resistor, hence, limits the charging current
of the lines stray capacitance.

Circuit breaker operation

Differntiation between power transformer and distribution transformer
1. Power transformer are operated on full load or are switched while
distribution transformer are operated at 70 to 75% full load capacity.

2.Power transformer efficiency is design for full load operation so iron loss has
higher value than distribution transformer.

3.Power transformer has small size. than distribution transformer . Because

higher flux density in result in smaller area.
POWER TRANSFORMER USED AT SUBSTATION -

This substation has two type of power

transformers:
1) 400 KV 220 KV and
2) 220 KV 132 KV
The cooling system employed is forced air
forced oil.
The cooling systems of transformers are
315MVA Transformer
automatically controlled. Once the temperature
reaches 70 C, the cooling system starts and as
temperature reaches 60 C, the systems
switches OFF.
The supply to the cooling system is given from
the substation supply transformer

220 KVA TRANSFORMER

 The control panels and relays of the substation require DC supply of
220 V. This DC supply is made with the help of battery bank reserve
normally kept in a separate room called Battery room.
The batteries used in this substation are Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd)
batteries.
Current transformer:
.
Current Transformers (CTs) are instrument
transformers that are used to supply a reduced
value of current to meters, protective relays, and
other instruments. CTs provide isolation from
the
high voltage primary, permit grounding of the
secondary for safety, and step-down the Error:
magnitude of the measured current to a value 1.Ratio error
that can be safely handled by the instruments. Happen due to no load current
component.
2. Phase angle error :
Due to not having exactly 180
degree phase angle difference
between primary and reverse
secondary current.
Capacitor voltage transformer

In high and extra high voltage transmission

systems, capacitor voltage transformers (CVTs)
are used to provide potential outputs to metering
instruments and protective relays.
Wave trap:-
As the communication signal frequency is much different from line frequency and
also the voltage level is too low, it is quite necessary to separate the power signal
and communication signal.
This task is performed by a wave trap which simply consists of L-C series and
parallel
A wave trap is used on those transmission lines which are equipped with PLCC
(Power Line Carrier Communication).
Filters.
 Through this training I come to about transmitting
substation working . The Uttar Pradesh Power
Corporation Limited has got radio communication in
microwave range in order to transmit and receive data with
various Substations in Uttar Pradesh to get reliable
transmission and distribution of electricity.
 C.L.Wadhwa Electrical Power System, 6th Edition

Wikipedia

Power Station Manual Of UPPCL, Motiram adda, Gorakhpur

. Switch gear and protection by sunil.s.rao.