BIO DIESELS &

BIO ETHANOLS
PRESENTED BY,
DINESH S R
DINESH T
EBIN RAJ A
EDWIN SOLOMON A P
ESWARA MOORTHY M
SHABNAM S
GANESH KANNA S
 Biodiesel refers to vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel
consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, propyl or ethyl) esters.

Biodiesel is typically made by chemically

reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat (tallow)) with
an alcohol producing fatty acid esters.

Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is

thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to
fuel converted diesel engines.

Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with petrodiesel.

Biodiesel can also be used as a low carbon alternative to heating oil

The National Biodiesel Board(USA) also has a technical definition

of "biodiesel" as a mono-alkyl ester.
 BIO DIESEL FEED STOCKS
A variety of oils can be used to produce biodiesel. These include:
Virgin oil feedstock rapeseed and soybean oils are most commonly used,
soybean oil alone accounting for about ninety percent of all fuel stocks in
the US. It also can be obtained from field pennycress and jatropha and
other crops such as mustard, jojoba , flax , sunflower, palm
oil, coconut, hemp (see list of vegetable oils for biofuel for more
information);
Waste vegetable oil(WVO);
Animal fats including tallow, lard, yellow grease, chicken fat, and the by-
products of the production of Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil.
Algae, which can be grown using waste materials such as sewage and
without displacing land currently used for food production.
Oil from halophytes such as Salicornia bigelovii, which can be grown using
saltwater in coastal areas where conventional crops cannot be grown, with
yields equal to the yields of soybeans and other oilseeds grown using
freshwater irrigation.
 HOW IS IT MADE ?
Biodiesel is made through a chemical process
called transesterification .
The process leaves behind two products --
methyl esters (the chemical name for
biodiesel) and glycerin (a valuable byproduct
usually sold to be used in soaps and other
products).
 STEPS INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION
Feedstock pretreatment
Determination and treatment of free fatty
acids
Reactions
Product purification
REACTION INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION
OF BIO-DIESEL
 PRODUCTION METHODS
Batch process
Super critical process
Microwave method
Lipase - catalyzed method
Ultrasonic reactor method
 PROPERTIES OF BIO-DIESEL
Biodieselhas better lubricating properties and much higher cetane
ratings than today's lower sulfur diesel fuels.

Biodiesel is a liquid which varies in color between golden and

dark brown depending on the production feedstock. It
is immiscible with water, has a high boiling point and low vapor
pressure

The flash point of biodiesel (>130 C, >266 F) is significantly

higher than that of petroleum diesel (64 C, 147 F) or gasoline
(45 C, -52 F). Biodiesel has a density of ~ 0.88 g/cm, higher than
petrodiesel ( ~ 0.85 g/cm).

The calorific value of biodiesel is about 37.27 MJ/kg. This is 9%

lower than regular petrodiesel.
 Quantity(K
Activities Rate(Rs. / Kg) Cost(Rs.)
g)
Seed 5.00 3.28 16.40
Cost of collection & oil
2.36 1.05 2.48
extraction
Less cake produced 1.00 2.23 (-) 2.23
Trans-esterification 6.67 1.00 6.67

Less cost of glycerin produced 40 to 60 0.095 (-) 3.8 to 5.7

Cost of Bio-diesel per kg 19.52 to 17.62

Cost of Bio-diesel per litre (Sp.

16.59 to 14.98
Gravity 0.85)
 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS
Seeds of Jatropha curcas are valuable sources
of bio-diesel
Alligator fat was found to produce bio-diesel
A group of Spanish developers working for a
company called Ecofasa announced a new
biofuel made from trash. The fuel is created
from general urban waste which is treated by
bacteria to produce fatty acids, which can be
used to make biodiesel.
 ADVANTAGES OF BIO-DIESEL
Biodiesel burns up to 75% cleaner than petroleum diesel fuel.

Biodiesel reduces unburned hydrocarbons (93% less), carbon monoxide (50%

less) and particulate matter (30% less) in exhaust fumes, as well as cancer-causing
PAH (80% less) and nitrited PAH compounds (90% less). (US Environmental
Protection Agency)

Sulphur dioxide emissions are eliminated .

The ozone-forming (smog) potential of biodiesel emissions is nearly 50% less

than petro-diesel emissions.
 DISADVANTAGES OF BIO - DIESEL
Reduces horse power
Degrades rubber
Has higher nitrogen oxide emissions
Molds start to grow
Water content
 BIO ETHANOL
Bioethanol is a form of renewable energy that can be
produced from agricultural feedstocks.

Ethanol can be produced from a variety of feedstocks such

as sugarcane, bagasse, miscanthus, sugarbeet, sorghum,
grain, switchgrass, barley, hemp, kenaf, potatoes, sweet
potatoes, cassava, sunflower, fruit, molasses, corn, stover,
grain, wheat, straw, cotton, other biomass, as well as many
types of cellulose waste and harvestings, whichever has the
best well-to-wheel assessment.
 PRODUCTION PROCESS
Fermentation
Distillation
Dehydration
 PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL
Its colourless liquid
Low in toxicity
Presence of its hydroxyl group and the
shortness of its carbon chain. Ethanols
hydroxyl group is able to participate in
hydrogen bonding, rendering it more viscous
and less volatile than less polar organic
compounds of similar molecular weight.
 Bioethanol can be handled in a similar manner to petrol and is often used as a
low percentage blend to save on fuel costs E10 is 10% ethanol and 90% petrol.

However, bioethanol can be suitable in much larger quantities and can produce
excellent high-performance results it is already used in motor racing.
Pure ethanol is also difficult to vaporise which can make starting a car in cold
weather difficult and that is why most fuels retain at least a small amount of
petrol such as E85 cars with 85% ethanol and 15% petroleum.

Bioethanol is on the increase as a fuelling alternative. Already Ford, Saab and

Volvo produce Fuel-Flex Vehicles (FFVs) that can run on an ethanol blend up to
E85.

In 2008, the Governments Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation stated that

2.5% of all fuel must be from renewable sources and this number will rise to 5%
by 2010. Bioethanol is therefore being used already, alongside other renewable
fuel sources, when we visit a petrol station.
 ADVANTAGES OF BIO- ETHANOL
Higher values of compression ratios increase
the performance of engine
Higher value of octane number , increases
thermal efficiency
Carbon emissions are comparatively low
 DISADVANTAGES OF BIO - ETHANOL
Biodiversity A large amount of arable land is required to grow
crops. This could see some natural habitats destroyed including
rainforests.
The food V fuel debate There is concern that due to the lucrative
prices of bioethanol some farmers may sacrifice food crops for
biofuel production which will increase food prices around the
world.
Carbon emissions There is debate over the neutrality of
bioethanol when all elements are taken into consideration including
the cost of changing the land use of an area, transportation and the
burning of the crop.
There are also concerns over the fuel systems used. Too many older
cars are currently unequipped to handle even 10% ethanol while
there is concern that using 100% ethanol decreases fuel economy
by around 15-30% compared with 100% petroleum.