Holy Angel University

College of Engineering & Architecture

Engr. Joseph M. Rafael

Chemical Engineer
 Materials in our culture
2.5 Million BC
3500 BC
 Naturally occurring materials
Techniques for producing materials
Alteration by heat treatments
Alteration by addition of other substances

Materials utilization at this point totally a selection

process that involved deciding from a given, rather
limited set of materials the one best suited for an
application by virtue of its characteristics
Materials Science investigating the relationships
that exist between the structures and properties
of materials
Materials Engineering designing the structure
of a material to produce a predetermined set of
properties
 Materials Scientist Materials Engineer

Develop or synthesize Create new products or

new materials develop systems
Structure usually relates to the arrangement of
its internal components
Increasing Dimensionality

Subatomic Atomic

Microscopic Macroscopic
Properties material trait in terms of the kind and
magnitude of response to a specific imposed
stimulus
Six Categories of Solid Materials Properties

Mechanical Electrical

Thermal Magnetic

Optical Deteriorative
 Mechanical
Stimulus: deformation to an applied
load or force
Elastic modulus (stiffness)
Strength
Toughness
 Electrical
Stimulus: electric field

Electrical conductivity
Dielectric constant
 Thermal
Stimulus: heat

Heat capacity
Thermal conductivity
 Magnetic
Stimulus: magnetic field
 Optical
Stimulus: light radiation

Index of refraction
Reflectivity
 Deteriorative
Stimulus: chemical reactivity
PROCES- STRUC- PROPER- PERFOR-
SING TURE TIES MANCE

Will determine A function of a

structure of materials
materials properties
Design problem involving materials (selecting the
right material)

Conditions characterization
Deterioration of materials properties
Economics
- composed of
one or more
metallic
elements and
often also
nonmetallic
elements in
relatively
small
amounts
 Atoms are arranged in very orderly manner.
Relatively dense compared to ceramics and
polymers
Relatively stiff and strong
Ductile (capable of large amount of deformation
without fracture)
Resistant to fracture
Extremely good conductor of electricity and heat
Not transparent
Some have desirable magnetic properties
- compounds between metallic
and nonmetallic elements
- frequently oxides, nitrides, and
carbides
- examples are aluminum oxide,
silicon dioxide, silicon carbide,
silicon nitride
- traditional ceramics clay
materials, porcelain, glass
 Relatively stiff and strong (comparable to those
of metals)
Typically very hard
Extremely brittle (lack of ductility)
Highly susceptible to fracture
Insulative to passage of heat and electricity
More resistant to high temperatures than metals
and polymers
May be transparent, translucent, or opaques
Some (Fe3O4) exhibit magnetic behavior
- include plastic and
rubber materials
- organic compounds
that are chemically
based on carbon,
hydrogen, and other
nonmetallic elements
- polyethylene, nylon,
PVC, polystyrene
 With very large molecular structures / chainlike in
nature
Typically low densities
Not as stiff or as strong as metals and ceramics
(comparable on a per-mass basis)
Many are extremely ductile and pliable (easily
formed into complex shapes).
Generally inert chemically / unreactive
With tendency to soften on modest temperatures
Low electrical conductivities / nonmagnetic
- composed of two or more
individual materials, which come
from other categories
- to achieve the best
characteristics of each component
- Wood and bone naturally
occurring composite
- Most common: glass- fiber
reinforced polymer (fiber glass)
 Utilized in high-technology applications
High-tech a device or product that operates or
functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated
principles
Examples are electronic equipment, computers,
fiber-optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military
rocketry.
They may be of all material types and are
normally expensive.
- Have electrical properties
that are intermediate between
conductors and insulators
- Extremely sensitive to the
presence of minute
concentrations of impurity
atoms
- Made possible the advent of
integrated circuitry (electronics
and computer industries)
- Employed in components
implanted into the human
body to replace diseased or
damaged body parts
- Must not produce toxic
substances and must be
compatible with body tissues
- All preceding materials may
be used as biomaterials.
- Intelligent materials
- State-of-the-art materials
- Able to sense changes in
their environment and then
respond to these changes in
predetermined manners
(traits like living organisms)
- composed of a sensor and an
actuator
- May be one of the
four basic types
- Not distinguished
on the basis of
chemistry, but
rather size
- Structural entities
are less than 100
nanometers
Understand the Design and build
physics and chemistry structure on atomic
of large and complex level constituents one
structures atom or molecule at
Investigate a time
fundamental building Study properties of
blocks developed materials
 Nuclear energy - fuels, containment, disposals
 Transportation - lighter, high-strength, low-density,
higher-temperature capabilities
 New, economical sources of energy
- highly efficient yet less expensive solar cells
- more efficient hydrogen fuel cells and better
catalysts in hydrogen production
 Pollution control - lesser environmental impact
production